 Branxton Hill from West End, Noddens Wood, New Heaton. 23.7.19 Last month Rosemary Dixon-Smith looked at the story of the ‘Redeswire Affray’ and how stories recounting this Border skirmish may have circulated amongst her ancestors in 19th century Northumberland. Here she was alluding to the ‘oral tradition’ which is the means by which events of the past have been verbally perpetuated into the present, particularly amongst local communities. Many of us will have encountered it in our family history too! However, over time embellishments and omissions often mean that the truth, although still there, has become distorted and is somewhat harder to piece together. So what IS history? Simply put it is the study of past events, particularly in human affairs or a series of past events connected to a person or thing. It is perhaps the origin of the word that provides a more practical definition. ‘History’ as derived from the Greek ‘Historia’ – meaning 'inquiry; knowledge acquired by investigation' – is the past, as it is described in written documents. The period before the existence of written accounts is therefore called ‘pre-history’.  Taken from the top of Front Nodden, New Heaton 23.7.2019. Branxton Hill is in the mid-ground to the south of the steading. Rosemary’s blog coincided with the annual Jedburgh’s Callants Festival and the Redeswire Rideout in early July. These Festivals and Civic Weeks hosted by many Scottish Border towns run throughout the summer and celebrate their unique identities, individuality and the roles their town played in the history of the Border. They culminate in Coldstream with the Flodden Rideout to Branxton Hill and the service of remembrance for the men of both nations that fell at the Battle of Flodden which took place in 1513. For those who have not heard of the Battle, it was a crushing defeat for the Scots, whose King, James IV was slain along with many of the Scottish nobility at the hands of the English. It might seem strange then that such an event should be remembered with such passion 5 centuries on, particularly by the side that essentially lost. But then the Borders and indeed the Battle itself remain a bit of an enigma! I can’t remember a time when I wasn’t aware of Flodden. As a youngster the annual pilgrimage made around Christmas time to Tithe Hill, the then home of my grandfather’s sister Mary and her husband Willie Davidson, which lies almost adjacent to Branxton Hill. As my interest in family history grew I became aware of historic farming connections in land to the east that faced the battle site and over which the English army undoubtedly trod as it marched to meet the Scots on that fateful day. Aside from the connection to the Greys of He[a]ton who held the estate from circa the 13th century, a paternal 5th great grandmother penned her last will and Testament at the farm of New Heaton on 5th May 1814.[1] She was Isabella Pringle, twice widowed and the last surviving child of John Pringle of Fenton & Kippy. Isabella had married Ralph Coxon in 1767 and following his death in 1768, married secondly, Edward Mole, with whom she had 4 known children. Edward Mole died in 1790 and Isabella was appointed administratrix of his estate with Edward Anderson of Glanton and Thomas Vardy of Rothill standing surety for the penal bond of £560. In 1804 Isabella’s last remaining brother John Pringle died intestate at New Heaton on 10th January 1802. Isabella was again appointed administratrix by the court, but on this occasion in addition to Edward Anderson (junior) of Glanton, (Senior had died in 1799), Edward Pringle of Snitter stood surety to the rather heftier penal sum of £18,000, or some £1.2 million in today’s terms. Undoubtedly there was a familial connection between the various parties, some of which are known and for others the exact details still need to be conclusively established and are therefore, the subject of ongoing investigations.[2]  An outline of descent. Pedigrees of other associated families not shown. As chance would have it, I myself came to farm at New Heaton through marriage, at which point elements of my past and present collided. It was then with my feet firmly planted on the ground that the English army may well have passed, and with the battlefield in places in full view, that my interest in Flodden was reignited.  Fryers County Map of 1820 This interest was then cemented through a project of voluntary re-examination of some of the original documents pertaining to the Battle preceding the quincentennary commemorations in 2013. However, the project was naturally limited as to the number of documents it could cover, and therefore in many ways left more questions unanswered than it solved. When combined with the history of area of the region in the early 16th century it was only natural that other aspects of the Flodden campaign should form the topic of my prize winning MLitt dissertation ‘Food for Thought’. A 24 page document containing quantities of corn purchased and shipped from Hull to Newcastle for the English army formed part of the primary evidence in support of that specific ‘argument’.[3] However, the document alone was insufficient to test the theory and required evidence drawn from other sources, such as corn imports, rent rolls and archaeological findings. Now that the dissertation is behind me, my interest in the history of the area and events surrounding the campaign has not diminished but rather, the evidence uncovered through the research has prompted me to challenge long established theories still further. Mainstream accounts of the English army’s route of approach skirting around New Heaton to the east rather than either passing through it, or skirting it to the west, makes very little sense at all, armed as I am with a first hand working knowledge of the terrain.  Armstrong's County Map of 1769 Most accounts state that Surrey outflanked the Scottish army, and suggest his intention was to take Branxton Hill himself, and from there to engage on more equal terms with the Scots who had been dug in on the facing Flodden Hill. Yet the approach route that is shown, which roughly follows the line of the road from Tillmouth to the A697 today, crosses land that would have a) been in view b) crosses other areas of potential bog and c) necessitates the English army navigating a second area of bog below Pallinsburn and then marching directly in front of the entire Scottish army to take its position.  There are many books on the market that look at the campaign from different angles. However, a glance at the footnotes, endnotes or bibliography clearly show that the same old sources are rolled out time and time again. More annoying still is that the majority of the sources cited refer to the ‘Calendars of State Papers’ rather than the original documents themselves. The ‘Calendars’ are summarised extracts of document contents. In some cases they are extensively condensed and barring a couple of salient points bear little resemblance to the full contents of the original. Whilst useful for pinpointing primary documentary sources that may contain information of interest, they cannot be considered primary sources in their own right. Yet, time and time again the same condensed extracts are interpreted, quoted and cited – of course it is far quicker and easier than ploughing through pages and pages of 16th century script – but by doing so, they are at the mercy of the compiler of Calendar’s own opinion as to what is important and what is not. Furthermore, not all documents have even been ‘calendared’. There will doubtless be more clues and evidence as yet lying undiscovered in the collections held by The National Archives.  View of supposed English approach from Pallinsburn. Etal Castle is clearly visible. From this angle and position which is also taken from the mid-Scottish Line, it is clear to see that the land falls away and without the trees a body of men would have been in clear sight. The ridge of hills in the background have Berwick at their eastern foot. Clearly some authors have actually visited the battle site (which is a bonus) and chapters of their books are adorned with bonny photographic plates. However, I have yet to see one that has looked at the Battlefield from the English perspective much beyond the view from Pipers Hill. There are few with pictures taken from the hill itself looking towards the terrain of the English approach, but alternative approach routes themselves have not been considered. The only account I have read to date to challenge this established route is ‘The Battle of Flodden and the Raids of 1513’ written by a Col. Fitzwilliam Elliott in 1911.[4]  Arrow to the right - The Wood at the top of the 'Noddens' at New Heaton. The arrow to the left - Marldown, with Crammond Hill behind. Taken from the mid ranks of the Scottish Line on Branxton Hill 23.7.2019. The farm and tracks are not visible due to the false skyline. Had the authors done so, one landmark in particular would have stood above all others and possibly prompted further investigation. It is the hill that stands roughly in the centre of New Heaton, at the top of the ‘Noddens’ – standing at some 306 meters. Today it is a Trig Point and more obvious because of the wood that stand on its summit. To either side the land drops away; to the south the steading of New Heaton sits in a dip before rising up again to a ridge of 260 meters in height which runs in a similar trajectory to the hills above Branxton before sloping away just beyond Marldown and Cramond Hill. This ridge forms a false skyline when viewed from the approximated lines of the Scottish troops; to the north of the Noddens, the land again dips away into a valley at the bottom of which runs an old By-way known as Muggers Loan, which runs along the course of the Oxendean Burn.[5]  Mugger's Loan on the Northside of Noddens wood. Taken 23.7.2019. The roof of Crammond Hill is visible in the top left. To my mind for the outflanking manoeuvre, as it so often described, to have been successfully achieved, the route of at least a substantial body of the army, would more likely have passed through either Donaldson’s Lodge or New Heaton. Two possible routes through New Heaton are the line of Muggers Loan where the army could have passed unseen until it emerged around the bottom of Cramond Hill or Marldown, or, along what is now known as the ‘Thrieprig’ track, where again a body of men would have been hidden behind the false skyline, only emerging on the top of the ridge near Marldown. A view that was clearly shared in part by Col. Elliott in 1911. By approaching the field from this direction would also have eliminated the necessity to negotiate the boggy ground below Pallinsburn. An approach taking any other route from the crossing point of the River Till would have been, at least in part, clearly visible to the Scots. If Branxton Hill was indeed the objective then the alternative routes are also the shortest.  That they travelled unseen is suggested in Hall’s Chronicle by the Lord Admiral sending his ‘Agnus Dei’ to his father alerting him to the fact the Scots had changed position.[6] This would certainly infer that both the Admiral and his father travelled with the Scottish army out of their field of vision, as it moved from its encampment on Flodden Hill to that of Branxton. However, the same paragraph mentions the Admiral first had sight of the Scots army after crossing the burn at ‘Sandyfford’. The only Sandyford to my knowledge lies to the east of Crookham, and if Hall is to be believed, this would contradict my earlier the theory in every way. The Admiral’s father the Earl was reported to have been at his east again, which makes even less sense if the objective was Branxton Hill and the battle was fought on the site alleged. The Sandyford burn runs north into the Till, to cross it from the east heading west the Admiral is most unlikely to have crossed the Till at Twizell Bridge. Furthermore why would he? Travelling via Sandyford would also have added approximately another mile to the Pallinsburn route. It would however, have made (a little) more sense if Surrey’s objective was not Branxton Hill at all, but to have engaged with the Scots in their original position.[7]  Map showing top right the position of Sandyford Burn, to the south is Flodden Hill, to the south west is Branton Hill The inability of the English to see the Scottish position is attributed by Hall to a veil of smoke from fires deliberately lit in the Scot’s camp. With a prevailing westerly the smoke could not have covered the Scots as they moved position. If not, the the veil of smoke would surely have been between the English at Sandyford and Branxton and thus obliterated the view? There are three main contemporary accounts which are referred to time and again; the ‘Articles of Battle’ although unsigned, looks to have been written by the Admiral himself, The Trewe Encounter and Hall’s Chronicle. The battle is also mentioned in various pieces of correspondence including a letter written from Bishop Ruthal to Wolsey on 20th September 1513. Herein lies a problem in itself as all of the accounts (with the exception of Ruthal) are attributed to the Howards, their followers, or on behalf of the King and none agree in the detail. They were mounted (Hall), they were on foot (Ruthal), they travelled from 5am to 4pm (Hall) and 8 miles to the Battle (Ruthal) etc. The latter is an impossibility if they travelled via Twizell as it is 7.4 miles in a straight line from Barmoor to Twizell alone, with approximately another 5 miles to the Field had they travelled via Pallinsburn as suggested. However as the crow flies, and had the army (or part of it) crossed the Till around Etal the distance from Barmoor to Branxton is approximately 7 miles. Regardless of the historical project, the ability to transcribe, read and understand historic manuscripts is only half of the challenge, the remainder being the ability to interpret and contextualise their contents. It is necessary to raise the further questions of; by whom, why, where, when and for whom each ‘document’ was written. The ‘by whom’ and ‘for whom’ are clearly important factors when considering the various accounts of the battle. When referring to any primary written source, an assessment of the reliability and motives of the author are of paramount importance.  Sussex Times 9th December 1856, Courtesy of the British Newspaper Archive In the case of Flodden what has been left unsaid is as important as what has been ‘documented’. There is no record of Surrey’s original intent, whether that be to station his army on Branxton Hill, or to engage with the Scots in their original position. Then again, by not recording the aims of the manoeuvre, the leaders of the English army could not be admonished had those aims not been achieved. A great many of the details of the final day remain unknown, open to interpretation and opinion, which is not helped by the lack of archaeological evidence. With the exception of reports of a couple of cannon balls, one of which was allegedly found on the slopes of Marldown (what could it have been doing there?) and other unsubstantiated finds, no archaeological evidence has been found to date that places the battle in its current location. Of course there are many reasons why this could be the case – one being the documentary evidence in the form of accounts of armour being stripped from the bodies of the fallen and sold from the field – where money is concerned there is usually more than an element of truth – the other is that prolonged agricultural activity and quarrying in the immediate area have obliterated what few artefacts that may have remained. I am not suggesting that my own theories are necessarily correct, but knowing the terrain first hand as I do, they must at least proffer a viable alternative. As it stands it would appear the English Army of circa 20,000 fighting men, with their ordnance in tow, marched upwards of 14 miles, navigated difficult terrain en route, in the form of a gorge at Heaton Mill and a bog at Pallinsburn, and then began a battle at 4 o’clock in the afternoon from which, although significantly outnumbered and having had nothing to eat for a couple of days, they emerged victorious. History is in the main just that – ‘his story’, after all what could a mere woman possibly know of tactics, terrain and common sense. The history of war-fare still remains a male preserve. However, there is a reason the saying tells us to go to the horse’s mouth and not its backend! Speaking of which, a trick was clearing missed in failing to interview the last known survivor of the Battle – one Henry Jenkins, who died in 1670 aged 169 years!  Western Times 3 Dec 1836, Courtesy of The British Newspaper Archive Now that really IS a canny story! (Postscript - we sold New Heaton in 2011, nonetheless I still look directly onto Branxton Hill today. Ironically, today it is from where I receive my internet signal!)  'Castle' Douglas at Lennel Hill in Scotland. Taken from mid Scottish Lines on Branxton Hill looking over Marldown, 23.7.2019. Again the false skyline is most deceptive, there is a whole valley hidden there including the River Tweed. [1] Sir Thomas Grey of Heaton wrote the medieval history ‘Scalachronica’ whilst a prisoner of War in Scotland. Any King examines the work in some depth in his MA Thesis of 1998. King, Andy (1998) Sir Thomas Gray's Scalacronica: a medieval chronicle and its historical and literary context, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4842/
[2] Patience Anderson sister of Edward Anderson senior married John Grey in 1767, before purchasing Middle Ord they lived at Old Heaton. Edward Pringle of Snitter’s wife was Margaret Vardy. Two of Edward Pringles children married Re[a]dhead siblings. Numerous connections between Pringle, Thompson, Hogg , Coxon and Readhead. Only familial connection not proven Isabella Pringle to Edward of Snitter. [3] Accounts of Richard Gough E101 56 28. [4] Col. Fitzwilliam Elliott, 'The Battle of Flodden and the Raids of 1513' archive.org/details/battleoffloddenr00elliuoft/page/n135 [5] ‘Mugger’ is the old word for Gypsy or Tinker. [6] Hall Chronicle https://archive.org/details/hallschronicleco00halluoft/page/560 [7] This same reference seems to have caused some confusion for the Battlefield Trust too. See page 8. https://historicengland.org.uk/content/docs/listing/battlefields/flodden/
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As the 2019 Common Riding season is now well underway which sees many Border towns celebrate their unique but common heritage as they ride their historic boundaries throughout summer, this month’s guest post written by Rosemary Dixon – Smith could not be more appropriate. Initially I had thought of writing an introduction to her piece, but then thought no, and my reasons for this are tri-fold. To begin with, Rosemary (Mole) is a first rate genealogist and family historian based in South Africa. Secondly, she will need no introduction to regular readers of my blog, as she first acquainted us with her own Smith Family of Northumberland back in June 2016. Thirdly, her article stands so well on its own it does not require any preamble from me! In reading it, I hope that readers will be inspired to adopt Rosemary’s principle and take some time to think ‘outside of the box’ when researching their own family history. I have merely added some notes and links that may be of interest or use at the end.  The Cheviot Hills at Carter Bar Smiths at Fenwick and the last Border Raid |
 | Moles Genealogy Blog Though South African ancestry is of particular interest to me, there are no boundaries in family history. I have traced my own and other peoples' ancestors in the UK, Canada, US, Australia,and Europe. My special field is Natal - settler families, maritime history, Anglo-Zulu and Anglo-Boer Wars; favourite pursuits: dating photographs, costume history, the history of slavery, lighthouses, history of India and the Indian diaspora, explorers, missionaries, ships; shipwrecks, British history, militaria. Comments on my blog or questions welcomed. If you a question for Rosemary or would like to contact her you can do so here |
[1] There are images of several original manuscripts relating to the Redeswire Raid available though the State Papers Online via the NLS, including a letter from ‘Mr. Kyllygrew to Mr. Walsyngham’ dated the 17th July 1575 which contains the names of some of the fallen . Document Ref.: SP 52/26/2 f.180 , Date: July 17 1575, Source Archive: The National Archives of the UK Copyright: Reproduced by kind permission of The National Archives Gale Document Number: MC4307784017. I just haven't had time to transcribe them ahead of this post. However, if they are of particular interest to anyone out there I will gladly do so.
Recently I have had cause to think about emigrant ancestors – after all, nearly all us have relatives somewhere along the line, who have packed their bags and embarked on a new life in distant lands. To date my blogs have focused on those that headed for the goldfields and farmland of New Zealand, Australia and South Africa. They have encompassed those who had no choice in the matter, those who embraced the pioneering spirit and forged successful lives for themselves overseas, those that returned home and those that tried but didn’t make it! However, barring a very brief foray into the story of brothers George Hodgson and Alexander Middleton, engineers on the Canadian railways, who returned to Scotland with a Canadian wife a piece in the shape of two Hazelwood sisters, I have done very little delving into others who made the journey to Canada, if in fact I have made the connection at all. A quick flick through the Dictionary of Canadian Biography using place names such as Alnwick as a search term brought up an array of familiar surnames, Selby, Stamp and Donkin in particular.
The Selby family are perhaps better known for their connections in the north of the County around Norham, Twisell, Beal and Berwick upon Tweed. The name Prideaux Selby is more associated with the Berwick Naturalists than the military adventures of his namesake and relative, although he too was born in Alnwick. Whilst not related to me directly, they do have links to the Younghusbands, the Wood family of Pressen and subsequently the Nicholsons of Thornton and Smiths of Windywalls of whom I wrote back in November 2016. That article also recounted the tale of synchronised suicide and the rather bizarre custom of Deodand. The Selbys are an interesting family – not least Frances Selby, who for her second husband married the ‘murderer’ of her first, a Captain John Hiniosi who had been stationed at Holy Island in 1689.[1]
The other two both make it into my extended family tree too:
Edward Stamp was the son of Thomas Stamp and Mary Nicholson born circa 1813 in Alnwick. He was a Master Mariner and ‘industrialist’ who in the 1860’s became involved in the Canadian lumber business in British Columbia. A memorial plaque mounted on a rock in Stanley Park Vancouver reads
Edward Stamp was the son of Thomas Stamp and Mary Nicholson born circa 1813 in Alnwick. He was a Master Mariner and ‘industrialist’ who in the 1860’s became involved in the Canadian lumber business in British Columbia. A memorial plaque mounted on a rock in Stanley Park Vancouver reads
Edward Stamp, Courtesy of City of Vancouver Archives, Port P264
Captain Edward Stamp
Pioneer Industrialist and Legislator started lumbering operations, then finding a better site, he moved elsewhere on Burrard Inlet, and founded in the wilderness, now the City of Vancouver, the famous Hastings Sawmill 1865 [2]
His biography states that ‘several geographical features in the vicinity of Alberni have been named after him, including Stamp Falls Provincial Park which surrounds the falls on the Stamp River’.[3] I can honestly say I had no idea of his business connections or timber operations in Canada as all his main ‘life’ events took place in England.
When it comes to explaining relationships in this particular branch of the tree it becomes complex to say the least, being littered with more cousin marriages than you could shake a stick at. For the purposes of this post it is quite sufficient to say that Mary Wood was the daughter of William Wood of Pressen, that Jonathon Middleton above is 1c4r to me, and his wife Jane Nicholson was his 1st cousin. Thus Edward Stamp was both his nephew AND his 1c1r. Furthermore, Jonathon Middleton was also uncle to the Alexander and George Hodgson Middleton the railway engineers mentioned in the opening paragraph. If that wasn’t enough Jonathon was also ‘step’ uncle to Alexander Beazeley who, with his parents and family emigrated to Prince Edward Island in 1850, and from where several letters written to Nicholson family members back home have survived. The letters provide a glimpse of the challenges faced by emigrants regardless of wealth or background. As Alexander writes to his cousins following his mother’s death ‘So you see that our Colonial life has not been quite such a cheerful one as we had anticipated. Sickness & death are sad destroyers of family comfort, & the gradual thinning of the family circle is not a pleasant thing to-look upon.’
Well that is quite enough on that little lot – they bamboozle me at times, so how anyone else can be expected to follow the connections I have no idea. There is a purpose to this explanation, however, and that is to illustrate how often there are ‘wheels within wheels’ and that other family connections may underlie decisions to seize opportunities, or even emigrate to far flung corners of the globe.
Of course, Biographical works often only portray the successful and other noteworthy individuals – they rarely tell the story of the ‘ordinary’ man. The third chap on the list John George Donkin, whilst an educated, clever and literate man, seems to have become notable for a very different reason.
John George Donkin, from the frontispiece of his book.
Born in 1853 in Morpeth, he appears to have been the 2nd great nephew of William Donkin and his wife Barbara Carnaby whose daughter, (as some may remember from early posts), was killed by lightening on the eve of her marriage in 1837. This also places him as 3 times great nephew of the happy couple at the Northumbrian ‘wedding of the century’ back in 1750. Like his distant cousin, John George doesn’t seem to have fared particularly favourably in life either poor soul! He seems to have been somewhat of a drifter who struggled to find his niche during his short life of 38 years.
His biography states that
His biography states that
Donkin would have passed into obscurity had he not published, a year after his return to England, an account of his experiences under the title Trooper and Redskin in the far north-west: recollections of life in the North-West Mounted Police, Canada, 1884–1888. As an ordinary constable he had served during the rebellion, come into close contact with Riel, and lived the life of a mounted policeman in the early years of western settlement. His book, however, contains little of the self-glorification, heroism, and romance that is characteristic of most literature of the period on the NWMP. From the moment he arrived on the prairies, Donkin was struck by the contrast between his own experience and the way the country was portrayed by those “journalist globetrotters” who had set forth its “wondrous glories.” The result was an unembellished account of the daily routine of mounted police life, the harshness of the climate, the rude prairie settlements, and the loneliness of police detachments. With an eye for detail, Donkin described his experiences in a candid and critical manner, leaving behind a valuable record not only of the NWMP but also of western Canada at an important period in its development.[4]
Copies of his wonderful book are readily available to purchase, but a copy is also available free of charge through Archive.org (see link in text above) and needless to say it proved an irresistible diversion to writing this blog! A quick ‘google’ brings up several posts about J G Donkin including the Christmas 2015 entry of the RCMP Veterans Association Facebook page. Tragically ‘Down on his luck, penniless and sick, he died on March 22, 1890 of alcoholism in the workhouse at Alnwick, Northumberland, England, just two years after leaving the Force.’[5] It would seem rather conversely that this rather unassuming and observant man has inadvertently left the most enduring legacy of the three!
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Last_Best_West.jpg
With the exception of the Beazeley family, the accounts above relate predominantly to British Columbia and The Western Provinces of Canada. A look at the names featured when Berwick upon Tweed is entered in a search of the CDNB appear to be more concentrated to the east in Quebec and Ontario. James Cockburn lawyer, businessman, and politician; b. 13 Feb. 1819 at Berwick upon Tweed left for Montreal in 1832, surveyor Alexander Aitken, journalist Robert Middleton (mother thought to have been a Buglass) and Matthew Bell, leaseholder of the St Maurice Ironworks in partnership with David Monro were amongst their number.
A number of the individuals named above could hardly be described as true ‘emigrants’ as several returned to Britain. Most could certainly not have been described as from impoverished backgrounds, and a couple it would appear saw Canada merely as a commercial opportunity linked to their UK based businesses. They are hardly representational of the tens of thousands of emigrants that left British shores in the 19th century. Some of whom would pay the ultimate price, but for others Canada presented opportunities and brought success that could never have been realised at home.
Although British emigration began in the 18th century and legislation was in place to protect passengers from 1803, it was the ‘Act to Regulate the Carrying of Passengers in Merchant Vessels, 1828’ that marked the start of what would become known as ‘The Great Migration’ throughout the 1830s.
This was the first legislative recognition that the state was responsible for the safety and well-being of emigrants leaving the British Isles. The Act regulated the number of passengers that could be carried on a ship, determined the amount of space allocated to them, and required the provision of food and water for the voyage. While based on earlier legislation, the 1828 Act was the true foundation of British and colonial legislation, designed to protect emigrants from unscrupulous shipowners and shipmasters and from the perils of the North Atlantic crossing.[6]
Emigration continued well into the the 20th century. At times it was incentivised, either through government channels with offers of free land, or by means of parish assistance given to the ‘deserving’ poor, whilst at others it was made more difficult than it was already, e.g. in 1832 a tax of 5 shillings per adult was imposed on those leaving the UK for Canada, with children taxed on a sliding scale. Nevertheless the majority of folks who headed for Canada in search of a 'better' life would have paid their own way. Canada, like any other country was subject to economic highs, lows and political strife and tension. The Library and Archives of Canada has an extremely informative site looking specifically at emigration through the ages and is a great place to start for those seeking to trace emigrant ancestors. Donkin’s words ‘journalist globetrotters’ and promised ‘wondrous glories’ was without a doubt not a word of a lie, but this was not necessarily limited to the newspapers. Pamphlets delivered to every farmer and blacksmith in the United Kingdom in 1897 on the instruction of the Canadian High Commissioner in London
… promised productive soil, adequate rainfall, a good growing season, bountiful crops and a healthy climate. Such words as "cold" and "snow" were universally banned from the pamphlets in favour of the more positive terms "invigorating" and "bracing." With their colourful covers and attractive photographs, the pamphlets visually reaffirmed the Prairie West as a land of prosperity and happiness.[7]
The Ship’s List website is another highly informative website and although very few passengers are actually named, it holds lists of ships arriving in Quebec and Montreal in some detail from 1817. These have been extracted from the Canadian Press, along with other articles which tell the emigration story ‘warts and all’. The list makes interesting reading, not least for the details of imported goods the ships were carrying. Numerous arrivals are listed from Newcastle and Shields carrying coal which is perhaps no surprise, whereas this notice which appeared in the Berwick Advertiser in April 1834 may be somewhat unexpected for some.
British Newspaper Archive, Berwick Advertiser, 4 April 1834
It is often forgotten that Berwick’s former prosperity was largely due to its port. The ‘Port of Berwick’ is still in operation today (albeit it from the other side of the river) and cargoes are now more likely to be fertiliser, grains, cement, animal feed and timber from the Baltic and Mediterranean than people bound for Quebec! A quick check of The Ships List for 1834, confirmed the ship departed Berwick on the 26 April and arrived on 10 June, carrying a Miss Cockburn, a Mr & Mrs Hall and family, a Mr Forster and 214 settlers plus a load of ‘general’ cargo.[8]
Further digging in old newspapers revealed that 20th century emigrants from the Border Region formed clubs and societies and regularly kept in touch with home. Mr William Hogg who hailed from Berwick upon Tweed founded such a group in Toronto in 1923.
British Newspaper Archive, Berwickshire News and General Advertiser 9 Oct 1923
Mr Hogg was a regular contributor to the newspapers keeping folks at home up to speed with events and news of friends and family overseas. Nor was emigration restricted to people – the newspaper plays witness to a String of pedigree Clydesdales in 1905, 7 couple of Lauderdale foxhounds bound for Montreal in 1925, but possible the strangest item to cross the water was a ‘relic’ of former times in 1924.
British Newspaper Archive, Berwickshire News and General Advertiser 25 Nov 1924
The 16th century carved bulls horn is now on display at the National Museum of Scotland, or at least it was in 2012 when this picture was taken by Kim Traynor, perhaps it couldn’t rest easy so far from home.
Kim Traynor Wiki Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wat_o%27_Harden%27s_horn.JPG#/media/File:Wat_o%27_Harden%27s_horn.JPG
Should you encounter any unexpected or unusual links with Canada, do please let us know!
[1] Rev James A Raine, Pedigree of the Selby Family of Twisell Castle, Norhamshire, The History and Antiquities of North Durham as subdivided into the Shires of Norham, Island and Bedlington, which from the Saxon Period until the year 1844 constituted parcels of the County Palatine of Durham, but are now united to the County of Northumberland, London, 1852, p.315.
[2] Stanley Park Vancouver,
http://stanleyparkvan.com/stanley-park-van-plaque-captain-edward-stamp.htm
[3] The Dictionary of Canadian Biography, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/stamp_edward_10E.html
[4] Dictionary of Canadian Biography http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/donkin_john_george_11E.html
[5] RCMPVets Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/RCMPVets/posts/homeless-veteran-left-account-of-christmas-eve-in-the-early-mounted-police-winni/981513715243338/
[6] Library and Archives Canada http://www.collectionscanada.ca/immigrants/021017-2111-e.html
[7] Library and Archives of Canada http://www.collectionscanada.ca/immigrants/021017-1100-e.html
[8] The Ships List http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/Arrivals/1834b.shtml
[2] Stanley Park Vancouver,
http://stanleyparkvan.com/stanley-park-van-plaque-captain-edward-stamp.htm
[3] The Dictionary of Canadian Biography, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/stamp_edward_10E.html
[4] Dictionary of Canadian Biography http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/donkin_john_george_11E.html
[5] RCMPVets Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/RCMPVets/posts/homeless-veteran-left-account-of-christmas-eve-in-the-early-mounted-police-winni/981513715243338/
[6] Library and Archives Canada http://www.collectionscanada.ca/immigrants/021017-2111-e.html
[7] Library and Archives of Canada http://www.collectionscanada.ca/immigrants/021017-1100-e.html
[8] The Ships List http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/Arrivals/1834b.shtml
My DNA and that of my relatives never ceases to amaze me. Although I have very few matches at 4th cousin or closer, (not surprising given how few immediate relatives I actually have), smaller matches that originate deep in my family's past are now providing proof of links to ancestors many generations ago. Most of these matches are living overseas, which reinforces my theory that the sense of 'identity' is heightened by separation. A type of 'displacement' has occurred that heightens the sense of ancestral belonging which is the driving force behind why more people than ever are testing their DNA.
Many just want to test their 'admixture' or, as Ancestry calls it 'ethnicity', which represents the ancient migratory paths taken by our ancestors. Others are keen to use 'cousin matching' to reconnect with lost family members. Whatever your motives are for testing, do take some time to consider the potential downsides and the emotional upset it may cause before you 'spit'. A while ago, Margaret Ross contacted me for a little help which did lead to a revelation which could potentially have caused a great deal of family upset. I suggested she write about her experience so that others may be forewarned. She very kindly agreed. I hope you all enjoy the read.
Susie
Many just want to test their 'admixture' or, as Ancestry calls it 'ethnicity', which represents the ancient migratory paths taken by our ancestors. Others are keen to use 'cousin matching' to reconnect with lost family members. Whatever your motives are for testing, do take some time to consider the potential downsides and the emotional upset it may cause before you 'spit'. A while ago, Margaret Ross contacted me for a little help which did lead to a revelation which could potentially have caused a great deal of family upset. I suggested she write about her experience so that others may be forewarned. She very kindly agreed. I hope you all enjoy the read.
Susie
Identity and the Pitfalls of DNA Testing
by Margaret Ross.
“Connect with relatives you never knew you had” (Ancestry)
“Amaze yourself … find new relatives you never knew existed” (My Heritage)
“Confirm family history and traditions” (FTDNA)
“Amaze yourself … find new relatives you never knew existed” (My Heritage)
“Confirm family history and traditions” (FTDNA)
Like many people, I got into researching my family’s history after the death of my parents, picking up where my father had left off from his forays into the public library. My interest was especially stimulated by his story about a tree he had drawn up with his paternal great-aunts which his mother destroyed on sight. I doubt if he knew, that not only did one of her husband’s aunts have an illegitimate son, but so also did at least two of her own aunts. Such things were never spoken of ninety years ago. My mother, who died nearly 20 years ago, would most likely have cut contact with her one and only first cousin had she known that she was illegitimate. Luckily, times have changed.
As my research got under way, I became more interested in locating the diaspora than going straight up my direct lines. In the nineteenth century numerous siblings of my ancestors (mostly agricultural labourers or mariners) emigrated from the British Isles to make new, and hopefully better lives for themselves and their descendants. Others went overseas with the military or colonial service. It has been fascinating to discover how they succeeded, where their thousands of descendants live, and to have contact with far-flung family members.
Four years ago, I was given an Ancestry DNA test to help me dig deeper into my family history. I put a note on my Ancestry Member’s page to say I’d tested, including details of my GEDmatch number. I gave my closest cousins kits to help identify where my matches fitted into our tree. But there were several lines where I had to try to persuade newly-discovered, overseas cousins to take the test. As far as I was aware, this was unsuccessful.
Last month I discovered a new tree on Ancestry which had incomplete details of some of my ancestors. I left a note for the tree owner, not expecting any response. Luckily, he replied immediately, saying that he had looked at my member’s page, and was surprised that we did not show as DNA matches, because we were third cousins (3C) sharing great-great-grandparents. Nor did I match a kit he managed for my second cousin once removed (2C1R) in the same line.
Alarm bells began to ring in my head. This is one of the largest group of relations in my tree, a group which is very proud of – and partly identifies with – our shared Celtic heritage. It was one where I’d been trying to persuade cousins to test on Ancestry. I gave my new contact the names of DNA-confirmed cousins of mine in this line and a link to Blaine Bettinger’s Shared cM tool. There were too many relevant cousins in his DNA matches to list: he opened his matches to me so I could check for myself.
Instantly, I could see that I had succeeded in persuading cousins to do DNA testing with Ancestry! At least 50 of his matches were on my own paper tree at 3C2R or closer. But neither I nor my own confirmed cousins on that side matched anyone in this family. It was obvious that our shared paper trail was wrong; there was no way we were related.
Neither my new contact nor I could identify at least eight close mutual matches he had with his known cousins in this line. The mutual matches he had with each of these eight invariably included most of the rest of that group. They all had a distinctly different ethnicity from his known cousins. My assumption was that their trees could lead me to whoever was his great-grandfather if that was not my x2 great-uncle. Given these doubts, I felt the least I could do was try to find the true parentage. I needed to identify someone of the right sex (male) who was travelling through or living in the correct isolated, rural location in the Rockies over a period of at least 15 years.
It would have been inappropriate for me to contact any of this group, and certainly my newly discovered “Not 3C” wouldn’t want to. Only one had a public tree linked to their DNA, with 21 people in it. Another three had unlinked trees with one, five and 25 people. Three had no trees but one had a locked tree of around 450. I noticed that this DNA match was managed by Susie Douglas of Borders Ancestry, a professional genealogist living here in Scotland whose blog we follow in this household. After a lot of soul-searching, I decided to contact Susie in case she was puzzling as much over her matches with my “cousins” as I was over her match to my erstwhile family.
Whilst I was waiting for a reply from Susie, I started building a “quick and dirty” tree for each of these unknown matches. I saw that the two closest, both at 3C level, had the same surname as a further possible 3C whose linked tree revealed the name behind her alias. This suggested to me that the three were siblings, maybe researching their history after one or both parents had died. An Ancestry search on their father’s name brought up a recent result in the Find A Grave Index where hyperlinks enabled me to build back several generations on both sides of their family. I had no idea to which side my “cousin” connected but suspected it was through the paternal line. Another match in this group (unlinked tree) descended from a line with that name spelled differently.
With the help of Google and comparing the two very small unlinked trees, I discovered that two distant matches for my “cousin” were themselves first cousins. I built back their shared ancestral line for several generations, once more with no idea where I should be concentrating. At that stage I could not join up the two first sets of matches. Although my own search was not relevant to Susie’s research, she very generously worked up a few ancestral lines in a “quick and dirty” tree for this set of matches. She provided me with the surnames of their shared ancestors living in England and New Jersey, America back in the eighteenth century. Luckily for me, one of these names was the maiden name of a paternal great-grandmother of the three sibling 3C matches, suggesting that my “cousin’s” true ancestor was most likely one of her sons or, less likely, a brother.
I needed to study the census returns. The couple lived on the east side of North America and had four sons and two daughters. Based on relationship probability, I discounted the grandfather of the 3C matches, leaving three sons to research. One had died before some of the children had been born, another showed up consistently in all relevant records living in the east. However, the census showed that the second oldest son, a Government official, had moved to the Rockies sometime in the late 1880s. From that time until his death in the 1930s he lived within ten miles of my great-great uncle’s family and would have travelled extensively throughout the whole area as part of his Government duties. He never married.
I have no doubt that this man, not my great-grandmother’s brother, is the ancestor of the large group of people I hoped were my relatives. One of the children was given his mother’s first name. We shall never know which man fathered the only one of the children who was childless, and who had the same name as my great-grandmother’s mother, but they all had my ancestor’s surname. Their descendants share great pride in the farming and engineering projects the man they believe is their ancestor carried out in the area and he was without doubt a loving and caring, “hands-on” father and grandfather after a divorce, when their mother moved away.
After careful consideration, I told my cousin what I had discovered. He was very disappointed but, given his understanding of DNA testing, not really surprised. Together we have researched deeper into the history of the area at the turn of the twentieth century. There is the possibility that the man fathered other children locally; if he did, then this could further confuse anyone in either family undertaking a detailed analysis of their DNA results. The surprise is that none of my “not 3C”’s close relations has queried their results yet. His assumption is that finding out about ethnicity and health risks is more important for most of them. And those who do research the family do not go further back than two generations. At present, he is not inclined to share this story with them; he expects that some elderly relatives would be distraught to know the truth.
To end on a more positive note, we have now discovered that my “not 3C” is distantly related to both sides of my husband’s family, certainly through his paternal line and probably through his maternal line as well. He still has Celtic connections! This account only serves as reminder that DNA testing comes with the following caveats, albeit often tucked away in the small print …
As my research got under way, I became more interested in locating the diaspora than going straight up my direct lines. In the nineteenth century numerous siblings of my ancestors (mostly agricultural labourers or mariners) emigrated from the British Isles to make new, and hopefully better lives for themselves and their descendants. Others went overseas with the military or colonial service. It has been fascinating to discover how they succeeded, where their thousands of descendants live, and to have contact with far-flung family members.
Four years ago, I was given an Ancestry DNA test to help me dig deeper into my family history. I put a note on my Ancestry Member’s page to say I’d tested, including details of my GEDmatch number. I gave my closest cousins kits to help identify where my matches fitted into our tree. But there were several lines where I had to try to persuade newly-discovered, overseas cousins to take the test. As far as I was aware, this was unsuccessful.
Last month I discovered a new tree on Ancestry which had incomplete details of some of my ancestors. I left a note for the tree owner, not expecting any response. Luckily, he replied immediately, saying that he had looked at my member’s page, and was surprised that we did not show as DNA matches, because we were third cousins (3C) sharing great-great-grandparents. Nor did I match a kit he managed for my second cousin once removed (2C1R) in the same line.
Alarm bells began to ring in my head. This is one of the largest group of relations in my tree, a group which is very proud of – and partly identifies with – our shared Celtic heritage. It was one where I’d been trying to persuade cousins to test on Ancestry. I gave my new contact the names of DNA-confirmed cousins of mine in this line and a link to Blaine Bettinger’s Shared cM tool. There were too many relevant cousins in his DNA matches to list: he opened his matches to me so I could check for myself.
Instantly, I could see that I had succeeded in persuading cousins to do DNA testing with Ancestry! At least 50 of his matches were on my own paper tree at 3C2R or closer. But neither I nor my own confirmed cousins on that side matched anyone in this family. It was obvious that our shared paper trail was wrong; there was no way we were related.
Neither my new contact nor I could identify at least eight close mutual matches he had with his known cousins in this line. The mutual matches he had with each of these eight invariably included most of the rest of that group. They all had a distinctly different ethnicity from his known cousins. My assumption was that their trees could lead me to whoever was his great-grandfather if that was not my x2 great-uncle. Given these doubts, I felt the least I could do was try to find the true parentage. I needed to identify someone of the right sex (male) who was travelling through or living in the correct isolated, rural location in the Rockies over a period of at least 15 years.
It would have been inappropriate for me to contact any of this group, and certainly my newly discovered “Not 3C” wouldn’t want to. Only one had a public tree linked to their DNA, with 21 people in it. Another three had unlinked trees with one, five and 25 people. Three had no trees but one had a locked tree of around 450. I noticed that this DNA match was managed by Susie Douglas of Borders Ancestry, a professional genealogist living here in Scotland whose blog we follow in this household. After a lot of soul-searching, I decided to contact Susie in case she was puzzling as much over her matches with my “cousins” as I was over her match to my erstwhile family.
Whilst I was waiting for a reply from Susie, I started building a “quick and dirty” tree for each of these unknown matches. I saw that the two closest, both at 3C level, had the same surname as a further possible 3C whose linked tree revealed the name behind her alias. This suggested to me that the three were siblings, maybe researching their history after one or both parents had died. An Ancestry search on their father’s name brought up a recent result in the Find A Grave Index where hyperlinks enabled me to build back several generations on both sides of their family. I had no idea to which side my “cousin” connected but suspected it was through the paternal line. Another match in this group (unlinked tree) descended from a line with that name spelled differently.
With the help of Google and comparing the two very small unlinked trees, I discovered that two distant matches for my “cousin” were themselves first cousins. I built back their shared ancestral line for several generations, once more with no idea where I should be concentrating. At that stage I could not join up the two first sets of matches. Although my own search was not relevant to Susie’s research, she very generously worked up a few ancestral lines in a “quick and dirty” tree for this set of matches. She provided me with the surnames of their shared ancestors living in England and New Jersey, America back in the eighteenth century. Luckily for me, one of these names was the maiden name of a paternal great-grandmother of the three sibling 3C matches, suggesting that my “cousin’s” true ancestor was most likely one of her sons or, less likely, a brother.
I needed to study the census returns. The couple lived on the east side of North America and had four sons and two daughters. Based on relationship probability, I discounted the grandfather of the 3C matches, leaving three sons to research. One had died before some of the children had been born, another showed up consistently in all relevant records living in the east. However, the census showed that the second oldest son, a Government official, had moved to the Rockies sometime in the late 1880s. From that time until his death in the 1930s he lived within ten miles of my great-great uncle’s family and would have travelled extensively throughout the whole area as part of his Government duties. He never married.
I have no doubt that this man, not my great-grandmother’s brother, is the ancestor of the large group of people I hoped were my relatives. One of the children was given his mother’s first name. We shall never know which man fathered the only one of the children who was childless, and who had the same name as my great-grandmother’s mother, but they all had my ancestor’s surname. Their descendants share great pride in the farming and engineering projects the man they believe is their ancestor carried out in the area and he was without doubt a loving and caring, “hands-on” father and grandfather after a divorce, when their mother moved away.
After careful consideration, I told my cousin what I had discovered. He was very disappointed but, given his understanding of DNA testing, not really surprised. Together we have researched deeper into the history of the area at the turn of the twentieth century. There is the possibility that the man fathered other children locally; if he did, then this could further confuse anyone in either family undertaking a detailed analysis of their DNA results. The surprise is that none of my “not 3C”’s close relations has queried their results yet. His assumption is that finding out about ethnicity and health risks is more important for most of them. And those who do research the family do not go further back than two generations. At present, he is not inclined to share this story with them; he expects that some elderly relatives would be distraught to know the truth.
To end on a more positive note, we have now discovered that my “not 3C” is distantly related to both sides of my husband’s family, certainly through his paternal line and probably through his maternal line as well. He still has Celtic connections! This account only serves as reminder that DNA testing comes with the following caveats, albeit often tucked away in the small print …
“You may discover unexpected facts … when using our service. Once discoveries are made, we can’t undo them”
(In Ancestry’s Privacy Statement)
“…may reveal you are related to someone unexpected, or that you are not related to someone in the way that you expected” (LivingDNA’s FAQs)
“… you may also experience surprises, such as unknown relatives that you and your family were not aware of”
(FTDNA’s Consent to Participate in Matching).
(In Ancestry’s Privacy Statement)
“…may reveal you are related to someone unexpected, or that you are not related to someone in the way that you expected” (LivingDNA’s FAQs)
“… you may also experience surprises, such as unknown relatives that you and your family were not aware of”
(FTDNA’s Consent to Participate in Matching).
Robert Bolam 1952 - 30 March 2019
It was with much sadness I learnt of the passing of Robert Bolam on Saturday 30th March 2019, the very day the story of his Bolam ancestors was published online. The following blog is therefore dedicated to his memory, with sincere condolences to his son Malcolm and the rest of the Bolam family.
A brief look into an extraordinary farming family from Northumberland
Professional family historians are no strangers to being regaled with accounts from folks stating they can trace their ancestry back to Charlemagne. It is at this point most of glaze us over and immediately lose interest. Whilst it is true that some undoubtedly do, for the majority, even if a connection does exist proving it is another question entirely! As many of my regular readers will know one of my ongoing personal projects is the mammoth task of mapping the farming families of Northumberland. This month’s blog is about one such family that sits on the periphery of my own – the Bolams. I have been promising our local butcher Malcolm Bolam that I would sketch out a tree showing his connection to this family in an organised and digestible manner, as the prolific ‘bilge’ in online trees is causing complete confusion. Once again not a single tree is correct!
The final prompt came whilst looking for something else which turned up the following letter written to George Aynsley-Smith (GAS) from a William James Bolam, a Land Agent living in Ravensdowne, Berwick in 1911.
Letter from the privately held Aynsley-Smith Archive
The correspondence formed part of a communication between GAS and historian John Hodgson regarding the ever problematical Grey lineage. Attached to the letter was a Bolam pedigree claiming descent from the aforementioned Charlemagne of which he states. ‘I know very little about it [the tree] but if I can assist you then let me know. My father and Uncle took a great deal of pains about the pedigree and I don’t think it can be far wrong’. Oh dear – cue eyes skyward! The outline tree that was attached to the letter doesn’t actually give much information about the Bolam family per se.
Page 3 of Bolam - Grey connection as attached to the above letter. Aynsley-Smith archive.
Rather, it relies on the accuracy of connections within the pedigree of the Grey family of Longhorsley and later of Milfield. It is highly possible that the Bolam tree was based on the genealogical study into the Grey family published by Edmund Hepple in 1856, taken from the ‘Milfield Manuscripts’. (Claire Grey has published a copy along with a transcription on her website ‘The Milfield Greys’). However, as stated by Claire herself ‘The Hepple tree … has Charlemagne 800 at the top of it, and for that reason alone should be treated with a great deal of scepticism … Attempts at verifying the connection between the Milfield Tree and Hepple's tree have so far proved inconclusive’. Once again the pursuit of ‘gateway’ ancestors has obliterated a family with its own very interesting history, with links to places that will be very familiar with my local readership.
The brother of letter writer, Mr William James Bolam was George Bolam – ‘A highly regarded naturalist of the region who published books on the birds of Northumberland and co-founded the Northern Naturalist’s Union’. His extensive archive, which includes a family tree, (which I have not yet had sight of) is lodged at the Hancock Museum in Newcastle. This branch of the family can be found in various census returns living in Ravensdowne, Berwick, which was the focus of a study under taken by Berwick Archives and can be freely accessed online. Their parents were Robert George Bolam and Mary Bolam who were first cousins, both being the grandchildren of John Bolam of Tritlington and Mary Bolam of Throphill, Mitford near Morpeth. They too may very well have been related but the exact connection, if it does exist, has yet to be established – I suspect the answer lies in the Northumbrian hills around Rothbury, Alwinton and Elsdon.
For the purpose of this particular blog, John and Mary Bolam have been taken as the foundation parents. Mary was the daughter of Christopher Bolam of Throphill, Mitford, and his wife Jane. Mary had three known siblings, Elizabeth b. 1758, Christopher b. 1765 d. Feb 1794 (5 months after his father) and Isaac b.1769. Malcolm Bolam descends from Mary’s brother Isaac and his wife Jane Jobson who remained at Throphill Farm until circa 1824. By the time their own son Isaac died in 1830 and daughter Eleanor in 1831, although still living in the Morpeth area they had vacated the farm. It is the Will of Isaac and Mary’s Bolam’s brother, Christopher, proved in 1796 that holds the key to unravelling the rest of the family.
Extract of the Will of Christopher Bolam jnr of Throphill courtesy of Durham Wills Online
Christopher’s sister Mary had married John Bolam at Mitford on 20th May 1788. The couple’s four eldest children were born whilst the couple farmed at Tritlington (Hebron). John’s lease expired in 1795 when it would appear that the family moved to Brinkheugh [Brenkheugh] near Brinkburn where two further sons were born.
Image courtesy of the British Newspaper Archive
In 1806 the John and Mary along with their ‘five sons and a daughter’ moved to the farm of Low Hedgeley near Powburn where they stayed for 24 years and where Mary died in May 1824.[1] She was interred at Mitford on 1 June 1824. In 1830 John and the remaining family moved west to the nearby farms of Fawdon and Clinch which the Bolam family occupied until 1894. John appears in the 1841 census at Fawdon with two of his unmarried children William Isaac and daughter Ann and where he died on 15th January 1848 aged 88.
Of their five children, two, Anne and Isaac William did not marry. Whilst Thomas married Mary Ann Young of Shiel Dykes at Edinburgh in 1853 they had no children, so the main body of Bolam descendants of John Bolam of Tritlington and his wife Mary, including the Bolam family of Alnwick stem from the couple’s remaining three sons, George, John and Christopher. Christopher Bolam married Isabel Gibson in the mid 1820’s and together they had a large family, many of whom died in infancy as the family’s monumental inscription at Ingram bears witness.
UK and Ireland, Find A Grave Index, 1300s-Current https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/168920384
Christopher is known to have occupied several different farms, including Way to Wooler, Low Trewitt and Ratcheugh, where he can be found in the 1861 census. (His cousin Isaac Milburn was living at that time in the adjacent Ratcheugh House, but the story of this extraordinary gentleman cannot be given the justice it deserves here.) There is an interesting reference to a Bolam family at High Trewitt in the 1816 survey of Households possessing Bibles in Rothbury.
Mr. Isaac BOLAM is living for the present on Mr. ATKINSON's farm with his two sisters, their brother, John BOLAM ----------- the farm, having run away to escape justice after many frauds and forgeries his effects were seized and sold but the ruin thereby brought upon the rest of the family seems to be rather affirmed by themselves than believed by their neighbours. One female servant lives with them who is Presbyterian They have four Bibles and three Prayer books.[2]
A search in the press of the day finds a John Bolam listed amongst other bankrupts in 1815, followed by a dispersal sale of farmstock and household goods. (Note the term fieri facias confirming the sale was to settle unpaid debts)
Tyne Mercury 1815, courtesy of the British Newspaper Archive
Exactly where this family of High Trewitt sits in the family equation is undetermined, as it is deemed that the children of John and Mary would have been marginally too young at the time, and the entry mentions two sisters, not one. However, it has not been totally ruled out and the names would certainly suggest a familial connection. When combined with the interests at other farms mentioned in the area, this small piece of evidence may prove invaluable in tracing the family back in time.
To date the only confirmed descendant of Christopher Bolam and his wife Isabella Gibson to marry and propagate this branch of the tree was their grandchild Ellen or Eleanor, daughter of their son John Christopher. Christopher died at Ratcheugh and was buried at Ingram in March 1863.[3]
Christopher’s eldest brother George married Ann Liddell at Rothbury on 16th June 1825. The couple had 5 known children, 4 of whom survived until adulthood. Sons John and George and daughters Mary and Ann.
The two brothers would make quite a mark on the agricultural landscape of Northumberland. The country was in the grip of the Post Napoleonic depression and the Corn Laws introduced in 1815 were having a crippling effect of agriculture. Farms were frequently changing hands as many farmers unable to make it pay left the industry. The Diaries of William Brewis of Mitford 1833 – 1850 includes frequent references to farms coming up for rent, and the general plight of the agricultural markets. However, there are always those who manage to prosper despite adverse conditions, and in Northumberland John and George Bolam were amongst their number.
It appears that John focused his attention on farms in and around the Shawdon, Rothbury and Alwinton areas. In 1861 he can be found visiting his brother George at Low Hedgeley, the second time the family had taken the tenancy. On 20th January 1865 he married Ellen Thompson, daughter of William Thompson of Little Ryle at Rothbury and in July the following year their daughter Ann was born. Just weeks later tragedy struck and John was killed in a riding accident.
Courtesy of British Newspaper Archive
(Please note Bolam researchers that this John Bolam was NOT the head of the farming family with interests in Alnwick!)
In 1866, his brother George was farming at Horton Grange, but as a result of John’s untimely death relinquished the tenancy to concentrate on the family’s interests nearer home. George, aged 45 married a Catherine Hall in Edinburgh on 1st August 1873. Together the couple would have three children, George b. 1879, Catherine Annie b. 1882 and Johnina Jane b. 1885. In 1881 George was living and farming at Alwinton but by 1891 had taken up residence at the family farm of Fawdon. In 1893 George too met with an accident that would ultimately cause his death.
In 1866, his brother George was farming at Horton Grange, but as a result of John’s untimely death relinquished the tenancy to concentrate on the family’s interests nearer home. George, aged 45 married a Catherine Hall in Edinburgh on 1st August 1873. Together the couple would have three children, George b. 1879, Catherine Annie b. 1882 and Johnina Jane b. 1885. In 1881 George was living and farming at Alwinton but by 1891 had taken up residence at the family farm of Fawdon. In 1893 George too met with an accident that would ultimately cause his death.
Courtesy of the British Newspaper Archive
However, the full extent of this family’s farming interest becomes even clearer in an obituary that appeared in the press preceding the dispersal sale of his various interests and makes impressive reading, particularly in light of the prevailing economic climate in which it was achieved.
Courtesy of the British Newspaper Archive
The obituary also provides significant proof of George's lineage, which on its own should prompt the re-evaluation of the majority of online family trees. It also highlights that at the time of his death the only member of the family still to be farming was John Bolam at Bilton. This is NOT his brother, but his cousin, the son of his uncle John Bolam and his wife Mary Proctor who was born at Wooler in 1825. It is he who was the renowned farmer, seedsman and miller of Alnwick, and whose family established the shop on the cobbles in Alnwick, which many local readers will remember.
As for the writer of the letter in 1911 William James Bolam - he was the nephew of John Bolam of Bilton. He was the son of Robert George Bolam who married his first cousin Mary Bolam. Mary was the daughter of George Bolam and Ann Liddell, and one of the sisters of the eminent farming brothers featured in the press cuttings above, thus also connecting this branch of the Bolam family to the Greys.
Whilst this family may not be the easiest to accurately follow through the records, it is certainly not the most challenging. The skeleton facts behind this blog were pulled together in less that 48 hours. It is just a combination of applying the correct research techniques, knowing where to look and the application of a modicum of common sense. If you find yourself struggling or bogged down by what appears to be conflicting evidence or facts, I would urge you to seek professional advice, rather than place information that has been ‘made to fit’ in the public domain where it can be copied all too easily.
Although the extent of farming activities of the Bolam family was undoubtedly exceptional, they do provide a fascinating indication of the mobility of farming families of Northumberland in the early 19th century. They also illustrate how these successful families adapted to challenging economic conditions and changed their farming practice to meet demand and command higher market prices. The Bolam family has many more familial connections not covered here, but the door has been opened to establish their earlier origins. For now at least, I hope I have managed to steer researchers of this family in the right direction and provide a solid foundation on which to build. Malcolm Bolam and his family will now be able to indulge in a spot of #AncestralTourism and enjoy a day out visiting the numerous places associated with his extended family, both those featured in this brief outline and others who have even more fascinating stories to tell!
[1] Obituary of George Bolam 1893; Freereg
https://www.freereg.org.uk/search_queries/5c9f66b5f4040b7459219d64?locale=en
[2] Rothbury Bible census https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/NBL/Rothbury/Rothbury1816
[3] Bishops Transcripts for Ingram
https://www.freereg.org.uk/search_queries/5c9f66b5f4040b7459219d64?locale=en
[2] Rothbury Bible census https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/NBL/Rothbury/Rothbury1816
[3] Bishops Transcripts for Ingram
‘And when did you last see your father?’ painting by William Frederick Yeames, 1878, public domain via Wikimedia Commons. William Carnaby of Farnham, Alwinton and Bothal was elected MP for Morpeth again for the Long Parliament in November 1640. He raised forces for the King and was accordingly disabled from attending parliament on 26 August 1642. He was Treasurer of the Army and fought in the Northumberland Regiment, commanded by the Marquess of Newcastle at the Battle of Marston Moor. The family's support of the Royalist cause is cited as the main contributory factor along with their recusancy in their subsequent downfall.
Just because something is written in history books does not mean it is correct. It should be noted that this is an observation and not a criticism! Many historians and genealogists have done excellent work in laying the foundations for understanding our families past on which we can build. However, as the authors were or are only human they, like us, can only draw conclusions based on the information they have before them, or the sources they chose to consult. The same applies for some of the pedigrees these histories contain. For many researchers they are the first port of call for information, particularly in the pre-census and statutory period. For those trying to piece together earlier generations where non-conformists baptisms and marriage information does not appear in parish registers and is in short supply, these printed pedigrees provide an easy ‘one stop shop’ of seemingly credible information. However, they remain secondary sources. They are not always as reliable as their reputation would suggest which is perfectly illustrated by the case in question. It relates to three branches of the Carnaby family of Northumberland, some of whom were known to be ‘recusants’ or adherents to the Roman Catholic faith.
The Carnaby Pedigree which appears on pages 19 – 21 in ‘A history of Northumberland’ Volume 4, published in Newcastle upon Tyne in 1893 is irrefutably incorrect in several details. Most importantly, it is missing a whole generation preceding the marriage of Ralph Carnaby to Ann Dobson at Longhorsley in 1719. Resulting hypotheses drawn from this pedigree are therefore questionable, and researchers of this family are missing a group of descendants that may just provide the link they are seeking.
Below is an outline of the Pedigree as published, supposedly linking the Carnaby families of Hexham to those of Great Tosson and Todburn:
Below is an outline of the Pedigree as published, supposedly linking the Carnaby families of Hexham to those of Great Tosson and Todburn:
The Northumberland History is not alone in making this fundamental error either. Dr Annie Forster whose extensive research into the catholic families of Northumberland in the 1960s, has also failed to spot the missing generation. It is somewhat incredulous that such eminent historians should have either missed the Will of Ralph Carnaby of Todburn dated 25th April 1702, along with annexed inventory and bond, or have chosen to ignore it. Researchers then as now appear to be pre-occupied in establishing links with titled or landowning classes, in this case the armorial family of Carnaby of Halton. By doing so they are missing out on vital information regarding their own family and its place in history.
When Ralph Carnaby’s Will and administration of 1702 is taken into account a very different picture of familial relationships to that recorded in Vol IV emerges. It reads:
In the name of God amen first I commend
My soule to Almighty god and body to be bu-
ried in Rodbury [Rothbury] Churchyard and I dispose
goods as followeth
I give to Ralph Carnaby son to Francis Car-
naby what house and lands I have in Rod-
bury at the tutoring of his father till he
come to years
I give to my daughter Cissely Pringle at
the end of the leas of Todburn five yeows
and lambs for her legacy
I give to my daughter Jane hardy at the
end of the said lease one why stirk[1]
or thirty shilings of money for her legacy
I give to Ralph Pott one yeowe and a lamb
at the same time for his Legesy
I give to Jane Pott one why or forty of
money whether the executors hath a mind
to give her for her legacy
I give to Ane Carnaby wife to franke Carnaby
one yeow and a lambe at the same time
for her legacy
I give to franke Carnaby and Raiph Young
what husband worke geare is at the end
of this time to be equally divided be-
tween them
I leave Raiph Younge the farme
which I nowe injoy with what
Stocke theire is paying my debts
and Legacys afore mencioned and
to be my soll executor
This is my last will and Testament
being in perfect memory
his mark and sealle
Witnes our hands
Robert Errington
Francis Carnaby
Edward C Errington[2]
My soule to Almighty god and body to be bu-
ried in Rodbury [Rothbury] Churchyard and I dispose
goods as followeth
I give to Ralph Carnaby son to Francis Car-
naby what house and lands I have in Rod-
bury at the tutoring of his father till he
come to years
I give to my daughter Cissely Pringle at
the end of the leas of Todburn five yeows
and lambs for her legacy
I give to my daughter Jane hardy at the
end of the said lease one why stirk[1]
or thirty shilings of money for her legacy
I give to Ralph Pott one yeowe and a lamb
at the same time for his Legesy
I give to Jane Pott one why or forty of
money whether the executors hath a mind
to give her for her legacy
I give to Ane Carnaby wife to franke Carnaby
one yeow and a lambe at the same time
for her legacy
I give to franke Carnaby and Raiph Young
what husband worke geare is at the end
of this time to be equally divided be-
tween them
I leave Raiph Younge the farme
which I nowe injoy with what
Stocke theire is paying my debts
and Legacys afore mencioned and
to be my soll executor
This is my last will and Testament
being in perfect memory
his mark and sealle
Witnes our hands
Robert Errington
Francis Carnaby
Edward C Errington[2]
The inventory taken shortly after his death (below) is typical of a yeoman farmer of the day with the majority of his moveable wealth being on the hoof rather than in the hand. What is most unusual, however, is the first entry. Whilst it is commonplace to list a horse and apparel, to make the point of itemising a sword is not!
Reproduced courtesy of North East Inheritance Database; England, Durham, Diocese ...Original Wills, 1650-1857; DPRI/1/1703/C1/3
The appended bond dated June 1702 clarifies the relationship between the testator and Ralph Young:
We Ann Young of Todburne in the County of Northumberland, widow, Robert Errington of Oldpark in the county aforesaid yeoman, and Francis Carnaby aforesaid in the county aforesaid yeoman …
The condition of this obligation is such that if the above bounden Anne Young widow … dos well & truly execute performe the last Will & Testament & Administer the goods and chattells of Ralph Carnaby (to the onely use benefit and behoofe during the minority of Ralph Young his grandchild & executor now in his minority) late of the parish of Longhorsley and of the diocese of Durham aforesaid And pay all the said deceased debts and Legacies as Lawe requireth…
The condition of this obligation is such that if the above bounden Anne Young widow … dos well & truly execute performe the last Will & Testament & Administer the goods and chattells of Ralph Carnaby (to the onely use benefit and behoofe during the minority of Ralph Young his grandchild & executor now in his minority) late of the parish of Longhorsley and of the diocese of Durham aforesaid And pay all the said deceased debts and Legacies as Lawe requireth…
 | Firstly, this Will clearly demonstrates that Ralph Carnaby junior is not the son of Ralph senior, but the son of a Francis Carnaby and his wife Ann. The age of Ralph at his burial in 1763 would suggest a birth date of circa 1695. It is therefore most likely that he is Ralph senior’s grandson, rather than his son as the history would suggest. It is through this line of descent that heritable freehold of lands in Rothbury passed. It was still in their possession according to the tithe commutations records of the mid nineteenth century, when ownership passed to the Boak family of Rothbury under the Will of Ralph Carnaby of Shawdon (2x great grandson of the testator) in 1842. Ralph Young is named as a grandson in the above Bond and is also clearly in his minority. It is to him that his grandfather passes the ‘farm he now enjoys’ which was presumably the tenancy of Todburn. Secondly, the will also confirms that Ralph senior had at least three married daughters viz: Cecily Pringle; Jane Hardy; and Ann Young (see above). The relationship of Ralph and Jane Potts to Ralph Carnaby senior is not given, but when other offspring and their subsequent marriages are taken into consideration there is strong possibility of a further blood connection through a cousin marriage in the next generation. Indeed, there are several other connections that appear to have been missed (even by GAS) that I have traced and are fairly obvious once you get to know the family. Needless to say, this has added approximately a further 30 individuals to the increasingly more complex tree. (To avoid this information appearing publicly elsewhere, incorrectly attributed and without acknowledgement it is available on request only). (Image shows an English Mortuary Hilted Backsword dating from the English Civil War.) http://www.antiqueweaponstore.com/English%20Mortuary%20Hilted%20Backsword,%20ca.%201640.htm.) Iron hilt with large oval plate guard featuring crudely chiseled floral decor and busts of Charles I; integrally forged knuckle bow and side bars screwed to the chiseled ovoid pommel (one detached where it joins the pommel); the side bars joined to the knuckle bow by a pair of diagonal bars. Short scrolled rear quillon; later leather-wrapped grip with twisted wire. Tapering straight single-edged 30 ½" blade with two narrow fullers at the back running nearly the full length; the point rounded. Sword shows much age and wear, as typically found, with pitting and an untouched nearly black patina overall. Common cavalry weapon used by both sides during the English Civil War. Overall length 36 3/4". |
The Northumberland History claims a relationship existed between the Carnaby family of Hexham and those of Great Tosson and Todburn, citing the Will of Roger Carnaby in 1713 as proof of the familial link. Whilst this Will undoubtedly proves the link between the families of Hexham and Great Tosson, I am struggling to see how and where it verifies a link to the family of Todburn.
The History of Northumberland, Volume 4,, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1893, p.21
Roger’s Will of 1713 tells us that:
- His wife at the time of his death was called Mary
- He was owed money from a Francis Carnaby and Richard Carnaby both of Hexham by bond
- He had a mortgage on a house at Green Harbour Court, London.
- His nephew was William Carnaby of Tosson who had a wife named Barbara.
- He had a niece called Isabella by his brother John
- He had a sister called Mary who benefitted from money owed to him by a John Carnaby, plumber in Carlisle which on her death would benefit John’s children.[3] (Was this plumber another relation?)
- He had a niece called Mary (no father named) and a niece called Jane the daughter of his brother Richard.
- He had a sister in law called Frances who was the wife of Thomas Liddell a Glover in Hexham.
- He leaves money to a Thomas Beadland of Haggerston but no relationship is given – possibly a servant as it closely followed by a bequest of '£10 to my black boy Wandoe', his present manservant.
- He was due money upon a South Sea bill. This was to be paid to his cousin Jane of Hexham, widow, for her children. He also had a cousin called Elizabeth Lisle, a nephew James Winsellow, (who had a daughter called Mary Winsellow) and a cousin called Barbara Ord a spinster
What it does NOT tell us, NOR confirm, is any relationship between Roger Carnaby of Hexham’s family and the Carnaby family of Todburn. Nowhere is the mention of any of the Todburn descendants. The only potential ‘stray’ is his niece Mary Carnaby to whom he bequeaths £20. This cannot be Mary granddaughter of Ralph Carnaby d. 1702 (as per Vol IV) as;
- Ralph Carnaby junior did not marry Ann Dobson until 1719 six years after Roger’s death
- The surviving Mary of this union who married Lionel Aynsley was not born until 1735.
It is therefore currently believed that the Mary mentioned in Roger's Will must be another daughter of Richard Carnaby of Great Tosson baptised at Rothbury in 1695, (the most likely - a baptism of another child, Richard, at Rothbury in 1700 has also been missed) or his brother John about whom very little is known other than he had a daughter named Isabella. A familial relationship between the families has not been ruled out but nor, as yet, has it been proved.
Roger’s Will of 1713 also provides evidence of trade connections, possibly with the Carolina’s – was Wondoe his black manservant named for the Wando River in South Carolina - and what exactly is meant by the ‘South Seas’? Is this a reference to the ‘South Sea Trading Company’ formed in 1711 which became known as the South Sea Bubble before its collapse in 1720? Certainly the presence of Wando would suggest evidence of Roger’s involvement in the Slave Trade. A bit of digging in the newspapers within the ‘Burney Collection’ uncovered possible evidence of trade with Virginia.
Plymouth, Jan 8. Yesterday came in here the Hunter of and for London, Roger Carnaby, Master, from Virginia” Daily Courant (London, England), Tuesday, January 12, 1703; Issue 230. 17th-18th Century Burney Collection Newspapers.
Whilst there is no evidence to confirm this is the one and the same Roger Carnaby it is certainly possible, particularly when it is known he also had a house in London. It is tempting to speculate that Wando was also aboard the shipped that docked in 1703 and was bequeathed £1 for every year of service until Rogers death in 1713, however, without firm evidence, speculation is what it must remain.
The above is just an extract from a much larger piece of research, which at present is set to rival if not exceed the 18,000 words of last years Master's dissertation! I must thank Archivist Sue Wood and Paul Ternent of Northumberland Archives at Woodhorn for their assistance thus far, no doubt I shall be imposing myself upon them again in the not too distant future. Forewarned is forearmed as they say! If you are interested in acquiring a copy of this research or indeed would like to contribute to it then please do get in touch.
[1] A Why or Quey Stirk was a young cow or heifer. When written in Scots the ‘qu’ is often used in place of a ‘w’. Origin – Danish.
[2] Members of the Errington family were also recusants and known Jacobite activists. This particular branch farmed at Old Park, Netherwitton.
[3] Appointed plumber at St Mary’s in 1687, undertook leadwork on Tullie House, Abbey St in 1689. Dismissed by St Marys in 1713 for substandard work, reinstated in 1721. Son in 1717 worked on Carlisle Castle Downpipes. Father died 4 Oct 1742 aged 87. His children are mentioned in will of Roger Carnaby of Hexham dated 1713. Descendants of this Carlisle line married daughters of George Hare and Elizabeth Wright of Ingram. Is this Hare family related to the Hare family that married James Carnaby, Thomas Brewis and Thomas Collin in late 1700s and also potentially linked to the descendants of Francis Carnaby of Todburn?
[2] Members of the Errington family were also recusants and known Jacobite activists. This particular branch farmed at Old Park, Netherwitton.
[3] Appointed plumber at St Mary’s in 1687, undertook leadwork on Tullie House, Abbey St in 1689. Dismissed by St Marys in 1713 for substandard work, reinstated in 1721. Son in 1717 worked on Carlisle Castle Downpipes. Father died 4 Oct 1742 aged 87. His children are mentioned in will of Roger Carnaby of Hexham dated 1713. Descendants of this Carlisle line married daughters of George Hare and Elizabeth Wright of Ingram. Is this Hare family related to the Hare family that married James Carnaby, Thomas Brewis and Thomas Collin in late 1700s and also potentially linked to the descendants of Francis Carnaby of Todburn?
Useful Links
- History of Northumberland Vol 4, Archive.org
- https://archive.org/details/historyofnorthum04nort/page/20
- The research of Dr Annie Forster, held by Northumberland Archives, 22 Folders – Pedigrees (NRO. 1954/22 – 31), A synopsis of her papers can be found in Northern Catholic History, No.10, 1979.
- Sword Image and other information from 'The Antique Weapon Store'
- http://www.antiqueweaponstore.com
- Other information has been drawn from the research of George Aynsley Smith which is held in the family's private Archive.
W J Shayer 1881 - 1892 - The Age of the Brighton Coach
I am really enjoying the Beeb’s latest offering the ‘Victorian House’ which delves into the traditional skills and ethos that formed the basis of the ‘Arts & Crafts Movement’ and puts them into practice in the restoration of traditional Victorian country house. Think of the colours and patterns of William Morris, the art and vision of John Ruskin and iconic stores in London such as Heal’s and Liberty and the picture will start to emerge.
Day Dream Tourist https://daydreamtourist.com/2014/12/09/william-morris/William Morris, “Honeysuckle fabric” (Photo: Victoria & Albert Museum)
It ran in my mind that a branch of my own family had been involved in the artistic movement of the age, but unsure as to the extent set off to investigate. What emerged was a family surrounded by artists and artisans who were enmeshed in the social reforms of the late Victorian period to an extent more far-reaching than I had previously realised. Added to this is an interesting back-story of loss and family that has not only been missed by all other family history researchers to date, but where it appears in online trees their history has also been portrayed inaccurately. It appears to be a typical case of records and dates being made to fit without corroborating the evidence. It is a sad fact that if there are 14 trees with the same information and one that dares to be different, human nature is (often mistakenly) drawn to the consensus of opinion. This blog is intended to illustrate how some fairly basic research techniques can help avoid these pitfalls, fill the gaps in knowledge, and to share the parts of this family’s story that appear to have been missed.
The starting point for this research was my 4th times great aunt Mary Ann Eliza Egerton, the third of 4 children born to 4th great grandfather James Egerton and his wife Alice Spriggins. In Nov 1840 Mary Ann Eliza married artist Henry George Hine at St Marks, Kennington, Surrey. Henry George Hine began his career as an illustrator for Punch magazine but became most well known for his landscape paintings of Sussex and Northumberland. He the son of Hampshire born William Hine who worked his way up from an agricultural labourer to become a Coach Proprietor on the London to Brighton route until his death in 1846.
Henry George Hine, York Minster, 1888
Mary Ann Eliza Egerton and her siblings were all christened in London between 1814 and 1826. Although their parents address, and father’s occupation is different each time, family activity prior to these dates appears to be centred round the ancient church of St Giles, Cripplegate, London.
Of the 14 online public trees that appear on Ancestry – only 1 has spotted the 4th child! This is probably due to the the age that appears in the transcript attached to her marriage record in 1862 to William Henry Huckwell. Checking the original document it reads ‘age 21 and upward’. This along with the phrase ‘of full age’ is fairly typical of marriage records at this time and should not be taken literally. A simple check of the census records following her marriage confirms her date and place of birth and that her age at marriage was actually 39.
The Egerton children’s father James is recorded as a ‘Trimming Maker’ in 1814, a ‘Boot Maker’ in 1815, a ‘Traveller’ in 1817, but by 1823 he was a ‘Coachman’. By the time of his son James John’s marriage in 1840 his father’s occupation had risen to that of ‘Coach Proprietor’. Of the same 14 online trees 8 give no date of death for James and 6 state it to have been in 1829. This date is wrong – although his demise was still before the advent of Civil Registration, a check of the newspapers graphically describes the tragic circumstances in which his untimely death occurred.
Reproduced courtesy of the British Newspaper Archive; The Maidstone Gazette and Kentish Courier, 10th April 1832.
James was buried in Maidstone, Kent on 13 April 1832. The above account indicates that in addition to his 4 children James was survived by a wife, although his will, fortuitously written at Maidstone in 1831, makes neither mention nor provision for her. Instead, James entrusts the administration of his estate ‘whatsoever and wheresoever’ to his elder brother John whom he makes both the ‘sole guardian’ of his children and sole executor of his will. This would suggest that papers may have been mistaken, and lets face it, it wouldn’t be the first time! This theory is corroborated by a notice placed by John in the press on 1st May 1832, where he refers to his brother’s children as orphans.
Reproduced courtesy of the British Newspaper Archive; The Maidstone Gazette and Kentish Courier, 1 May 1832.
No death, burial or alternative marriage has been identified for his wife Alice, nor has she been found in subsequent census records. As such, the outside possibility remains that the couple had become estranged.
James was also survived by his father James Egerton snr, who contrary to popular opinion did not die in 1810 and was not buried at Little Gaddesdon, Hertfordshire! 17 of 18 online trees contain this incorrect information, with the other, also incorrect as it gives the date as 1828. James snr, a Cordwainer (or Shoemaker), described as a Gentleman in his Will also written at Maidstone 14th September 1833, actually died in 1834 and is described of Pollard Row, Bethnal Green! He makes his only surviving son John his sole executor and residual beneficiary after making further bequests of £500 to his daughter Jane Hudson the wife of John Hudson, and £50 to his son in law John Cannee, the husband of his daughter Elizabeth Egerton. In all James Egerton Snr and Lucretia Wood had seven known children all baptised at St Giles, Cripplegate, and possibly an eighth, Susannah baptised at St Giles in May 1776 indicating that Lucretia Wood may have required ‘a big bouquet’ at her marriage the previous September. She is believed to have been named for Lucretia’s mother whose surname was possibly Saunders but this is unverified.
- Susannah EGERTON (1776- )
- Thomas EGERTON (1777-c. 1779)
- Jane EGERTON (1779- )
- Elizabeth EGERTON (1781-1865)
- Mary EGERTON (1788-1850)
- John EGERTON (1791-1881)
- James EGERTON (1793-1832)
- Lucretia EGERTON (1796-1861)
All the children were baptised at St Giles, Cripplegate, to James Egerton and wife Lucretia. Susannah is the exception in that the father’s name is recorded as John which has subsequently been struck through, but not amended in the original register. Their father's occupation is consistently given as a Cordwainer – or shoemaker. Cordwainers were one of the Livery Guilds of London and produced artisan footwear made from soft kid leather from Cordoba in Spain. The Guild records are housed within the London Metropolitan Archives but have not been consulted as part of this research. Several children including Jane and Elizabeth mentioned above were married at St Lukes, Old Street, as were their parents, which was built to relieve the church of St Giles, Cripplegate, as the population of London expanded in the eighteenth century.
Six of their children are known to have survived into adulthood. Of Susannah there is no further trace and eldest son Thomas died in infancy and was interred in Spa Fields burying ground Clerkenwell in 1779. Spa Fields would later became the subject of a particularly unsavoury and rather gruesome scandal.
Reproduced courtesy of The British Newspaper Archive; The London Illustrated News, March 1845.
The ‘Countess of Huntingdon Connexion’, and record set RG4 referenced in Thomas’ burial record may indicate that the family followed at some point at least, the Calvinistic movement within the Methodist Church. This may in part explain the group baptisms of four of the Egerton children at St Giles in 1798. It should also alert the researcher to possible non parish baptisms and references to non conformism in the parish registers for earlier branches of this particular Egerton family.
James’ older brother John was also a coach proprietor at the time of his brother’s untimely death. By 1827 he had moved from London to Brighton and was running a coach from the Spread Eagle Inn to Hastings.
James’ older brother John was also a coach proprietor at the time of his brother’s untimely death. By 1827 he had moved from London to Brighton and was running a coach from the Spread Eagle Inn to Hastings.
Reproduced courtesy of The British Newspaper Archive; The Brighton Gazette, 3rd May 1827
Although he was good to his word and took over his brother’s business, the ‘Reliance’ coach had changed hands by May 1838.
Reproduced courtesy of The British Newspaper Archive; Maidstone Journal and Kentish Advertiser, 29th May 1838.
John, then turned his hand to dealing in Corn and keeping Livery Stables from his premises in Waterloo Street, Brighton. He married twice, and passed away at the grand old age of 90 in 1881.
Reproduced courtesy of The British Newspaper Archive; The Brighton Gazette, 7th October 1847.
All the children of his brother James Egerton junior’s children, had married before the 1841 census, except for the youngest Elizabeth Caroline, making it difficult to assess the John’s level of involvement in the upbringing of his nephew and nieces.
However, Elizabeth Caroline can be found in 1841 living with her cousin Elizabeth Amy Egerton, John’s daughter by his first marriage, who in 1839 had married Frederick William Woledge, another artist of the day well known for his depictions of Victorian Brighton. The Woledges would go on to have 11 children, 10 of whom would survive until adulthood. (Caution should be exercised over a possible 12th child Eliza E born 1857, who appears on the 1881 census return. As there is no record of a birth marriage or death for an Eliza E to the correct parentage, and her age is the same as that of Percy, (look at original, not transcript which is wrong), this is believed to be Percy’s twin sister Florence.)
- Frederick Egerton WOLEDGE (c. 1841-1883)
- William Egerton WOLEDGE (1842-1876)
- Emma Egerton WOLEDGE (1844- )
- Mary Egerton WOLEDGE (1845- )
- John Egerton WOLEDGE (1846- )
- Herbert Egerton WOLEDGE (1849- )
- Amelia Egerton WOLEDGE (1851- )
- Clara Egerton WOLEDGE (1852- )
- Earnest Egerton WOLEDGE (1854-1858)
- Percival Egerton WOLEDGE (1857-1928)
- Florence Egerton WOLEDGE (1857-1929)
Wiki Commons; Frederick William Woledge, Brighton, the front and the chain pier seen in the distance.
Although 11 children may be considered a large family even back in the day, it pales into insignificance to her cousin Mary Ann Eliza Egerton, the starting point for this research, who, together with her artist husband Henry George Hine had an eye watering 15 children, 11 of whom survived into adulthood.
- Mary Esther HINE (1842- )
- Alice HINE (c. 1844-1925)
- Henry William HINE (c. 1845- )
- Elizabeth Mary HINE (1846- )
- Marian HINE (c. 1848-1937)
- Frederick James Egerton HINE (c. 1849- )
- William Egerton HINE (1851- )
- Alfred HINE (c. 1853-c. 1864)
- Mary Gertrude HINE (c. 1855- )
- Frances Isabel Egerton HINE (1857-c. 1857)
- Frances Katherine Egerton HINE (1858- )
- Arthur Roffey Egerton HINE (1860-c. 1861)
- Edith Egerton HINE (1861-c. 1864)
- Ethel Mary Egerton HINE (1863- )
- Maud Egerton HINE (1867- )
Artistic talent was strong in the Hine family to which the 1988 Christie’s Sale Catalogue bears witness, with a total of 81 lots spanning 42 pages, sadly illustrated internally in Black and White.
Cover of the 1988 Christies Catalogue of which I have a second hand copy.
In terms of the ‘Arts and Crafts’ movement it was their two youngest daughters Ethel and Maude who were the most influential. Although the quotation that the sisters came "on the one side from peasant folk and on the other from old aristocracy"[1] which is uncited, leaves me somewhat rubbing my chin as to it’s origin, there can be no doubt that these two women and their husbands were the driving force behind the establishment and running of the ‘Peasant Arts Society’ based in Haslemere, Surrey. By the time of its inception in 1894-97, Ethel had married artist Godfrey Blount in April 1887, and Maude, Jospeh King, later the same year. The couples together with King’s cousin Greville MacDonald, shunned mass production instead believed in ‘practising their radical beliefs of creating art for ‘love not money’ and restoring ‘country life, its faith and its craft’.[2]
A most informative website about the movement, its work and connections to the wider ‘Art & Craft Movement’ can be found at the Peasant Arts Blogspot, together with biographies and obituaries dedicated to members of the Hine family and other prominent persons. Needless to say the women were also passively active in the Suffragette movement of the day, and amongst other matters were the exponents for comfortable dress for women. I am eternally grateful to the role by Ethel Blount, my 1st Cousin 4 x removed for the role she played in the removal of the corset as an item of necessity from the female wardrobe! More can be read on the sisters and indeed the Society’s wider involvement in the Suffragette movement, at Peasant Arts & Suffragettes
'Winter' one of a set of 4 Coaching Prints by W J Shayer.
Being a little more serious, none of the sources that I have used to compile the history of this Egerton family and its story requires specialist knowledge or skills. The records used are readily available online. The difference between my research and that of others, is that time has been taken to cross reference the facts, and read the ORIGINAL documents rather than relying on the transcripts. Incorrect information in family trees does in fact have far reaching implications, particularly since the advent, and exponential growth in DNA testing. This is leading folks to believe that as they DNA match others with the same named ancestors in their trees it proves that connection, when in fact the DNA is sometimes pointing to a relationship which is either further back, or, in a different line entirely. I myself have 2 DNA matches out of 12 with hints which suggest a connection to individuals that simply cannot be. This is a problem that I can only see getting worse as more people test and speedily create trees copied from others without verifying the information they contain.
[1] Arts & Crafts Network https://www.accn.org.uk/Ethel-Blount-Maude-King/
[2] Peasant Arts http://peasant-arts.blogspot.com/p/introduction.html
[1] Arts & Crafts Network https://www.accn.org.uk/Ethel-Blount-Maude-King/
[2] Peasant Arts http://peasant-arts.blogspot.com/p/introduction.html
Christmas is a time of year when many of us gather with friends and family and our thoughts often turn to Christmases past and memories of those who are no longer with us. As the generations pass and living memory fades into oral tradition we family historians turn to researching the lives of our forebears and the times in which they lived in dusty documents, photographs and other more ‘obscure’ sources of information, until we hit that inevitable brick wall. Of these my particular favourites are diaries as they contain a wealth of contextual information as well as familial information. Those such as the ‘Six North Country Diaries’ and the Diary of Archie Simpson 1878, which I plan to fully transcribe and annotate are two fantastic examples spanning a broad range of dates. The latest addition to my collection is ‘The Diaries of William Brewis of Mitford 1833 – 1850’ and for those researching their farming ancestors in Northumberland I would suggest it is essential reading as it covers a period of national and international radical social and political change somewhat resonant of today.
Copyright V&A Museum London. Christmas Card, designed by J.C. Horsley for Sir Henry Cole, 1843. Museum no. L.3293-1987
At what point the knowledge of our heritage fades differs widely – some of us carry unusual names that serve as a reminder. My own ‘Smith’ family has carried the name Aynsley in the male line since 1866 as a reminder of that aspect of our ancestral legacy, and the name Carnaby in the female line to earlier ancestors of that same Aynsley line dates from 1735. Clearly, as the names of these families live on they remain an obvious part of our heritage, but it is often to the exclusion of the many others that make up who we are.
The diary of William Brewis of Throphill, Mitford 1833 – 1850 stands testimony to how quickly familial connections can be forgotten. He was born at Throphill in 1778 to parents Thomas Brewis and Margaret Hair [Hare]. Through the marriage of his Mother’s sister Ann to James Carnaby, he became 1st cousin to their offspring. Following the tragic death of his cousin Barbara’s daughter Barbara Collin Donkin when she struck by lightening on the eve of her wedding in 1837, this line particular branch of the Carnaby’s would die out as non of his other Carnaby cousins left issue. William noted the event in his dairy entry July 24 – 30th.
The awful and sudden death of a near relation of ours at Shawdon Wood House happened with that great thunderstorm on the 14th and 15th of this present month to Miss Barbara Donkin, Mr Donkin’s only daughter and niece to Ralph and John Carnaby who are own cousins to us
Ralph and John Carnaby didn’t marry, and being a prosperous farmer and lawyer respectively, it may not be too uncharitable to speculate that Mr Brewis had his eye on a share of the ‘pot’. Ralph died at Shawdon Woodhouse on 13th July 1842 and again the event is noted in his diary.
Died on Wednesday last our Friend and Cousin Ralph Carnaby Esq, of Shawdon Wood House a very stout and gross made man I should say nearly 20 stones but a real worthy character. A man I should say, never did ill to no person, but a good natured peaceable person long steward for the Hargreaves family of Shawdon, and I should say by them much regretted, he has left only brother John who was an attorney some time in Morpeth … R Carnaby formerly lived at Todburn who was born then his father James Carnaby married my mother’s younger sister they farmed Todburn, Hedley Wood and the West Field near Rothbury before they left for Shawdon … the only surviving of the family is John, a very quiet and inoffensive man but not brought up to Farming, consequently he will leave the place on May first and retire to some quiet place to spend the remainder of his days.
British Newspaper Archive, Newcastle Courant 1843
His account would infer that James Carnaby and his mother’s sister married after Ralph had been born, however, this is not the case as they married at Mitford in 1768, some 4 years before Ralph’s birth in 1772. Although Mr Brewis is a blood cousin through the female (Hair) line he is remiss in failing to remember that Ralph and John Carnaby did in fact have another close Carnaby blood relation, the son of a first cousin, John Aynsley of the Chirm, by the marriage of their aunt Mary Carnaby (sister to James) to Lionel Aynsley.
At his death in 1842 Ralph’s estate was valued at circa £9,000 an estimated £988,444.67 as of 2018. As it happens, the executors of his will John Crea, surgeon in Glanton and Michael Carr of Titlington Mount and all bequests made by Ralph, other than to his brother John appear to have been made to parties with whom there is no known familial connection; Dorothy Crea spinster, an annuity of £80 so long as she remained unmarried; Michael Carr a legacy of £100; the unmarried daughters of William and Barbara Boak (decd) freehold property in Rothbury, (possibly that which was purchased in 1682 from John Gibson), the residue of his estate he left to his brother for his lifetime. Not an Aynsley or Brewis in sight!
John Carnaby died at Whittingham 7th February 1849 and it is perhaps the diary entry relating to this and subsequent events which is most telling of all.
Died at Whittingham on Wednesday 7th February John Carnaby Esq our cousin …it is said he has left his property which is said 15 or 20,000 to Dr Trotter of Morpeth, should it be so, it is said he was not capable of of making his will but the Dr had haunted him him to settle his affairs upon the Hargreave family of Shawdon, how that may be time will determine, he has no relative but our family and more strange, never sent word that he was dead, or invited to his funeral!!!
An entry in Week 22 is even bitterer.
An alarming and destructive fire took place at Shawdon Hall, the seat of W Pawson Esq on Sunday last… But the Hand of Providence is sure and retribution cometh in due time, the family of Dr Trotter and Mr Smart of Sunderland swindled our family of the cash and goods belonged our cousins Carnabys effects!!!!
Ooooh feel the burn! John Carnaby had in fact been declared bankrupt in 1818 and the sale of his goods and chattels indicates he had enjoyed a good standard of living.
Despite bankruptcy John Carnaby left an estate worth circa £12,000 at the time of his death in 1849. His will does make somewhat complicated reading, as it includes two codicils in favour of the Trotter, Pawson and Smart families as William Brewis suggests. In the original written shortly after his brother’s death in 1842 he does, however, remember his family with the first two bequests being; Thomas Brewis of Angerton (a nephew of the diarist), a freehold dwelling house in Rothbury and the sum of £500 and John Aynsley of the Chirm, the sum of £500.
It is from here on that his wishes become somewhat convoluted and complicated; William Trotter (Dr) the sum of £1000 and Robert Smart of Bishop Wearmouth the sum £1,000; the residue of his estate in equal share and proportion to William Trotter and Robert Smart, subject to the payment of £2,000 to ‘selected’ creditors under his bankruptcy agreement of 1818. Codicil One adds £300 to relatives of his sister Barbara’s husband Edward and Robert Donkin in satisfaction of a bond. It is dated soon after the original will in 1842 which in all other respects remained unaltered.
Codicil Two is dated just a few weeks before his death on 25th January 1849. In this second codicil he bequeaths to; Adam Pile of Whittingham, Innkeeper £50; Elizabeth Pile his wife £50; Ann Pile spinster £50; Mary Ann Pawson, (nee Trotter sister of Dr Trotter) wife of William Pawson of Shawdon Hall Esq £1,500; Mary Trotter of Morpeth spinster (niece of Dr Trotter) £1,000; Elizabeth Aynsley, Sarah Aynsley (several possibilities but none confirmed) and Ellen Elsdon (niece of Adam Pile, Innkeeper), John Pile and George Pile £10 each; Mary Ann Pawson and Mary Trotter ‘aforesaid’ all the household furniture and effects from his house at Whittingham.
Why John chose to favour the Trotter family to such a great extent over his own flesh and blood is not known – they certainly didn’t need it – Dr Trotter at his own demise in 1857 left an estate valued at around £40,000. They were, however, a very interesting family. Dr William Trotter was one of four sons and three daughters born to the Rev Robert Trotter, Presbyterian Minister of Morpeth and his wife Mary Akenhead of Falstone. William was actively involved in establishing a dispensary for the poor in Morpeth in 1816. Other than his sister Mary Ann who married William Pawson of Shawdon, sometime High Sheriff of Northumberland, the only one of his siblings to have issue was his brother John Spottiswood Trotter an officer in the East India Company. It is ‘said’ he married a local lady while stationed in India and where Mary was born circa 1824. Her parents succumbed to the fever later that year and her father John, along with other military colleagues, is remembered in a monumental inscription in Madras. An image of the memorial can be seen at the FIBIS website and reads:
Mary was brought to England where she was raised by her uncle the doctor. In November 1855 she married Richard Welch Hollon a Drug Merchant and moved to York where her husband became Lord Mayor of the City in 1864. However, Mary never forgot the people of Morpeth and in 1860 she donated the three clock faces that adorn the steeple of St George’s Church in memory of her uncle Dr Trotter and her grandfather the Reverend Robert.
St George's Church Morpeth. Photo © Jim Barton cc-by-sa 2.0 Wiki Commons
She died at York in 1880 aged 55 and in remembrance of their happy marriage and love for Morpeth her husband Richard established a fund to provide an annuity of £10 and a tonne of coal to 25 Morpeth residents over the age of 60. In April 1885 a drinking fountain was erected on the site of the old market cross in her memory and to mark her husband’s generosity to the town.
Photo courtesy of British Listed Buildings https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101042731-the-hollen-fountain-morpeth#.XCoBE1X7SM8
The ‘Hollon Tea’ as it has become known still thrives today. It is celebrated each year on the 5th November, the anniversary of Mary and Richard’s marriage. In 2018 over 80 Morpeth residents over the age of 75 enjoyed the ‘Hollon Tea’ and received their traditional cash annuity. It would be nice to think that these generous and charitable attributes were recognised by John Carnaby when he wrote his will, and that in some small way his legacy, as well that of Mary and Richard Hollon, lives on through the annual ‘Hollon Tea’. A far cry from the resentment recorded by the diarist at the time of John's death, but rather a lasting legacy indeed.
John Lynn - Smeaton's Eddystone Lighthouse.
Every family has its legends, some prove to be true whilst others turn out to be utter fiction and mine is no exception! Amongst the family papers is a small book ‘The Diaries of Harriett Newell’ published in 1817. Inside the cover is a handwritten note ‘Esther Smeaton, Eglinton Castle, December 1817’ and underneath in the hand of her daughter is written ‘Jane Montgomery Marshall, July 2nd 1843’. Now legend has it that Esther was a relative of the famous engineer John Smeaton of Eddystone Lighthouse fame. Intrigued and it has to be said somewhat sceptical I decided to investigate.
John Smeaton of Eddystone fame was born in 1724 at Whitkirk near Leeds in Yorkshire, the only surviving son of William Smeaton, a local attorney, born Kirkgate, Leeds in 1684 and his wife Mary Stones. John’s biography states his grandfather, who was a watchmaker, moved from York and built the family home of Austhorpe Lodge in 1698.Esther Smeaton by contrast was born in 1786 at Stichill, Roxburgshire. The extended pedigree and Arms of the Smeaton family of Whitkirk appear on page 60 of the ‘Records of Whitkirk Parish’ and prove the family’s lineage there as early as 1682. There are no apparent links with Scotland and no apparent familial connection whatsoever. So just where and when did the family legend originate?
Esther was the youngest of six children born to parents John Smeaton and Elizabeth Hamilton born at Stichill.
- Jean b. 1773
- George b. 1775
- Margaret b. 1777
- John b. 1779
- Helen b. 1782
- Esther b. 1786
From the Stichill and Hume parish baptisms and marriages the Smeaton family have a line which can be traced back here into the mid 17th century too. However, by the time of the 1841 census no Smeatons can be found in the parish of Stichill, with only a Janet Smeaton and her son William at Coldside Farm in the neighbouring village of Hume in Berwickshire. The last entry in the registers is dated 1830. The lack of death records for the parish of Stichell and Hume makes it difficult to eliminate children that may have died in infancy. Here I must thank my friend and colleague Fergus Smith of Old Scottish for looking up the memorial inscriptions at Stichell which have been crucial in unravelling certain members of this family.
What appears to be Esther’s brother George married a Janet Marshall daughter of George Marshall, a merchant of the Eastend of Hume and his wife Catherine Henderson. Together George and Janet had at least the following children, born in Hume, Berwickshire but recorded in the Stichell, Parish Registers, in Roxburghshire with which the Church of Hume was joined.
- John b. 16.1.1806
- Catherine b. 1808 died 1819 buried at Stichill with her grandfather.
- Elizabeth (Betty) b.1810
- George b.1814
- William b. 1819 later of Coldside Farm.
It is to the children of George and Janet that attention must be turned for clues as to the origin of the family legend. It transpires that George junior was an eminent theologian:
George Smeaton (1814-89) was born in Berwickshire, studied at Edinburgh University, and was ordained to the ministry of the Church of Scotland at Falkland in Fife in 1839. He was among those hundreds of ministers who came out at the Disruption in 1843 to form the Free Church of Scotland, and later that year was inducted to Auchterarder Free Church. He was appointed to the Chair of Divinity at the Free Church College in Aberdeen in 1853, and in 1857 became Professor of New Testament Exegesis at New College, Edinburgh, holding this post until his death in 1889.
His works on the atonement for which he is best known – The Apostles’ Doctrine of the Atonement and Christ’s Doctrine of the Atonement – are published by the Trust, together with his The Doctrine of the Holy Spirit.
https://banneroftruth.org/uk/about/banner-authors/george-smeaton/
George, or at least the biographer who researched him for Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae, believed the family legend was true.
So far as can be determined this familial relationship is impossible as the John Smeaton of Eddystone fame had no brothers. His father William did have a brother John who died at Whitkirk in 1743 but no issue from his marriage is indicated in the family pedigree. For the familial connection to be true, George’s grandfather would have had to have been the son of John died 1743 above which he is not. He appears to have been born to John Smeaton and Margaret Shiel at Stichill in 1736.
George’s mother Janet who had been widowed before 1841 died at his home in Mansionhouse Road, Edinburgh in 1866. George himself passed away in 1889 and is interred with his wife and his three children, including his youngest son Oliphant, in Grange Cemetery, Edinburgh. Oliphant, (full name William Henry Oliphant Smeaton) was a well known ‘Scottish writer, journalist, editor, historian and educator’
By Stephencdickson - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=41068643
He left for New Zealand in 1878 where he taught school for several years. Smeaton then travelled to Australia where he spent ten years as a journalist before finally returning to Britain in 1893. Moving to Edinburgh, he began writing about Australian life and literature for various publications in Victorian Britain, including a multi-volume effort popularly known as the "Famous Scots Series". He also began writing several adventure and children's fiction novels such as By Adverse Winds (1895), Our Laddie (1897) and A Mystery Of The Pacific (1899).
George junior’s sister Elizabeth (Betty) married first a William Henderson of Auchterader at Stichill and Hume in 1830. She married secondly a George Clark of County Down, possibly in Ireland as it was there that their eldest child, Janet Marshall Clark, was born in 1842. Her husband George died on 3rd December 1864 at Rostrevor, Killkeel, County Down, following which the family was once more on the move. This time the destination was New Zealand where youngest daughter Wilhelmina married her cousin Oliphant Smeaton in New Zealand in 1878. Elizabeth died at Queens Street, Thames New Zealand on 3rd June 1884. The familial connection was confirmed by her obituary in the newspaper.
Brother William born 1819 remained at Coldside Farm and appears to have died unmarried at some point after 1861. The Farm of Coldside was advertised to let in 1862 and William is named as the current tenant, but no death record has been identified for him to date. Then we come to eldest brother John who also seems to claim the same relationship as his brother George as evidenced by this article that appeared in the Scotsman in 1827.
Confirmation that this was the correct gentleman came from another reference to the prize
As it happens – possibly inspired by his supposed ‘kinsman’, the John Smeaton in the press also went on to become an engineer of some note. He died in October 1841 and is buried in Kensall Green CemeteryGrace's Guide contains the following entry:
John Smeaton (1806-1841), born at Hume, Berwickshire
Civil Engineer to the London Dock Co
1842 John Smeaton of the London Docks, became a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers
John Smeaton (1806-1841), born at Hume, Berwickshire
Civil Engineer to the London Dock Co
1842 John Smeaton of the London Docks, became a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers
Photo courtesy of Grace's Guide
In 1844 a case was brought in front of the Court of Chancery between George Smeaton for his brother John and William Marshall likely to have been his uncle.
In 1827 Esther Smeaton (the original owner of the book) married John Marshall a tenant farmer of nearby Fallside Hill. In 1828 their only child, a daughter, was baptised Jane Montgomery. Esther died in 1834 and in the 1841 census, Jane aged 13 and her father can be found living at Fallside Hill with a Mary Thomson aged 14 and Helen Cameron aged 30.
Her father John died in 1842 and Jane went to live with her unmarried paternal aunt Janet Marshall with whom she can be found in Wester Row, Greenlaw in 1851. She married John Smith of West Chevington at Durham in 1858 and died in 1860. She is remembered on the family memorial stone in Norham Churchyard. It is through this marriage the book came to be in our family’s possession. In 1863 John Smith married again and the rest, as they say, is history.
Was the familial association dreamed up by the young Smeaton’s father to inspire them? We shall never know but the legend has endured to this day. The reason why Esther was at Eglinton Castle in 1817 remains a mystery and as no records for Smeaton can be found in Ayreshire it will likely remain so.
Was the familial association dreamed up by the young Smeaton’s father to inspire them? We shall never know but the legend has endured to this day. The reason why Esther was at Eglinton Castle in 1817 remains a mystery and as no records for Smeaton can be found in Ayreshire it will likely remain so.
It’s not everyday you stumble across the occupation ‘Parliamentary Reporter’ in the 1841 census, let alone one that was born in Berwick upon Tweed. Intrigued, I set off to retrace his life’s journey. A memorial of his career written in 1883 described him as ‘A big burly man, possessing a burly mind … he died after a hard working life which he commenced as a journeyman painter at Berwick on Tweed’.
The earliest record found for George to date is the baptism of his son John Fleming at Holy Trinity Church in Berwick. At the time he was described as:
Shortly afterwards the family moved to Salford, Lancashire where daughter Isabella was born in 1836, closely followed by a son Robert Owen Fleming in 1838 and herein lies the clue.
Born on the 14th May 1771, in Newtown, a small market town in Wales, Robert was the sixth of seven children born to the local saddler and ironmonger. He was an intelligent boy who read avidly, loved music and was good at sports. He began his career in the textile industry early on, from around the age of 10. By the time he was 21 he was a mill manager in Manchester. His entrepreneurial spirit, management skill and progressive moral views were emerging by the early 1790s. In 1793, he was elected as a member of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, where the ideas of reformers and philosophers of the Enlightenment were discussed. He also became a committee member of the Manchester Board of Health which was set up to promote improvements in the health and working conditions of factory workers. Meanwhile, in Scotland, New Lanark Cotton Spinning Mills were being established. This enterprise was to prove pivotal in Owen’s career as a businessman and social pioneer.
Robert Owen (c. 1825) Henry William Pickersgill RA.
Manchester and Salford displayed vibrant support for Owenism the Salford Social Institution, a large meeting place for the local Owenites, and the first in the country, was opened in the late 1830’s.
George Alexander Fleming was active in the early co-operative movement in Salford, including the Salford co-operative store and the co-operative school. He was instrumental in the founding of the Salford Community Association in 1836. Fleming was later prominent in the Association of All Classes of All Nations, and was editor of the New Moral World, and later of the Moral World. After the end of the Owenite movement, he was involved with the League of Social Progress and the Co-operative League. (John C Langdon) DPhil University of York, 2000.
It would have been around this time as the Community Association’s secretary that he wrote and delivered a lecture entitled ‘The Infidelity of the Professed Church or, The Church and Competitive Society Tried By The Bible And Convicted’ at the Salford Social Institution. By the time of the 1841 census George was firmly entrenched in his journalistic and literary career and living with his family at Alfred Place in Leeds. By 1842 he had moved to London where his youngest daughter Emily, (another colourful character) was born.
An obituary which appeared shortly after his death in 1878 reflects an interesting, varied and principled life.
In the 1840s, Robert Owen embarked on a new settlement at Queenwood Farm in Hampshire. This land was originally part of the manor of East Tytherley, called Columbers in the 15th century. He rented out the 1000 acres and built a luxurious mansion, Harmony Hall, as his centre for Social settlement. There was insufficient capital and the community, intended to support 500 members, barely reached a hundred souls. It was an abject failure, running out of funds and discipline. His followers Owenites were bitterly disappointed and he moved on. Robert Owen continued his evangelistic approach and was never silent on the subject of Socialism. http://www.hampshire-history.com/robert-owen-pioneering-socialist/
It is interesting to note that whilst he would be ‘missed by a large circle of friends’, no mention is made of a widow or family. Together with his wife Isabella Gray, the couple had 6 children, 3 boys John, Robert Owen, George Alexander jnr and 3 girls; Isabella, Jane and Emily. George’s wife Isabella died in London in early 1861 and by 1871 George, a widower and three of his unmarried children had moved to Carlton Terrace in Hastings where this curious notice appears in the press.
Is it possible his family was bleeding him dry? Certainly by the time of his death in 1878 in London his estate was valued at under £200 and he had acquired a wife for whom no marriage, or any other record for that matter can be found!
I suspect his Will may make interesting reading! Are you related to this extraordinary man or the elusive Anna Maria Lovelace? - if so we would love to hear from you.
