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Border Ramblings

Ancestors in Agriculture?  Sources to find their amazing lost voices.

27/10/2021

1 Comment

 
January 1 [1833]
'Here my friends, we are just entered again upon another New Year!!!
Struggling against debts, taxes, tithes and feudal impositions, these are trying things.' 
​The above extract dated 1st January 1833, is the opening line from the diary of William Brewis, a farmer of Throphill Hall Farm, Mitford. It covers 17 years from 1833 until his death in 1850. It reflects upon the concerns, economic and political of the time that faced farmers in rural Northumberland and beyond. 
Picture Making Hay at Longhoughton circa 1920s. Old fashioned Carts, Heavy Horses and farm workers
Making Hay at Longhoughton circa 1920s.
​There is much to learn about rural life of the period from diaries such as these which provide vital social commentary. And it was not all doom and gloom! There are family celebrations, fairs, festivals and other occasions of social and sporting events. William's political persuasion and his views on local, national and even international matters are never in doubt. Despite being his personal account, it is packed full of other people. He even had plenty to say about some of my own ancestors who happened to be his relatives too!
​This month's blog addresses a point raised amongst the fantastic feedback to 'Eight Easy Ways to create compelling Ancestral Life Stories'. Most ancestors will not have left diaries, letters, or had books written about them so how is it possible to learn more of their journeys? 
​Voices from the past are everywhere, often hidden in plain sight. It's a case of knowing where to look and thinking 'outside the box'. They appear in books, old documents, newspapers, oral recordings, and in other people's diaries such as Williams. Farmers aside, a large percentage of the population was employed in agriculture as Hinds, Shepherds and Labourers.  Huge numbers of people lived a transient life as they moved from farm to farm, often on an annual basis. 
​Among the hinds* there are not many to be found who were born in the parish where they are at present employed; and very few are there who drew their first breath in the cottage which is now assigned to them, or even on the property which they enrich by the sweat of their brow. They are hired, for the most part, from year to year, on an agreement which binds them to their employer for twelve months, beginning and ending about Whitsuntide ...

* The hind is an agricultural servant, whose engagement generally lasts for a year, and for whom a cottage is provided by his employer during the period for which he is hired. He is bound to find a woman to perform fieldwork.[1]
Picture Female Farm Worker at Longhoughton 1920s.  Wear an apron and a large hat.
Female Farm Worker at Longhoughton 1920s
​This provision of a female outworker as part of the Hind's 'Bond' or employment contract was peculiar to Northumberland, the eastern Scottish Borders and the Lothians. Author Dinah Iredale's guest blog of February 2014, provides an excellent overview of this practice. Her book 'Bondagers: The History of Women Farmworkers in Northumberland and South East Scotland' is an excellent source of information and references. Many of the quotations within this blog come from within its pages. Particularly the chapters covering Flitting, Hirings and workers' accommodation. 

The 'Flitting'

​Before the Flitting and Hiring, came the 'Speaking', where the farmer and hinds would discuss a potential extension of his contract for another year. The Hind was under no obligation to accept an offer and had the right to move and find another situation.
'Flitting Day' in Northumberland was the 12th May. (In the Scottish Borders and Lothians it was the 26th May which sometimes caused logistical issues.) Although referred to as 'The May' it bore no resemblance to festivities held elsewhere. Hastings Neville in 1909 recalls the scene as '… roads morning to evening thronged with carts piled high with the furniture and bedding of a large proportion of our population.' He further recalls ' the furniture in one cart piled to a dangerous height, with the grandfather clock lying lengthwise and risking its life on the top. In the second cart are the women and children seated on the bedding, caring for the caged canary and the cherished pelargonium which grew at the cottage window…'[2]
​There are mixed accounts over the 'flitting'. Some look back with affectionate nostalgia at what must have been quite an upheaval to undertake every year. 
'Well, there were usually three carts. Oo got a' the furniture on the three carts. Usually, the third yin wis what they ca'ed a short cart, that was a sma' yin. And the mother usually went in the wi' the youngest bairns and the cat, if ye had yin, or the pig in a bag. It would lie squealin in the straw.' ​[3] 
Picture
Photo courtesy of Northumberland Communities: Farm workers, or hinds, with their families and horses and carts at the Lamb Inn at Ancroft on "Flitting" day circa 1880. https://communities.northumberland.gov.uk/005380.htm
Another lady recalls 'the cat would be the first thing to be 'packed' on flittin morning, in case it disappeared during the flurry'.[4]
The 'flit' was so ingrained in some that even in old age they persisted with the annual move. One chap of 80 employed at East Bolton in 1910 when asked if he would stay replied, ' I've nivver been ony mair than a year in ony place an' I'm no 'gain tae begin in my old age.'[5]  And another, on finally deciding to stay put, asked the farmer 'if he might have a couple of carts for a short time … Just to ta' take the furniture a bit doon the road.'[6]
​​Others seem relieved to see the back of it.
'I'll tell you what I like best? Not having to flit every year. It was awful, thon flittin'. I remember driving a horse and cart through the square in Kelso with all the furniture and my mother up at the back.'[7]
​Older family members living with the next generation were also involved in the 'flit'. There are tales of 'Granny' passing away the previous night, but due to the shortage of time, being bundled in with the furniture to be dealt with on arrival at the other end!
​Very often the vacated cottage would receive its new occupants later the same day. Leaving the vacated cottage clean and tidy with coals and kindling ready for the incoming tenants to light a fire seems to have been an unwritten code. That was if the fire grate had not gone on the cart too, as was usual in earlier periods. 

Housing

There are many accounts of the accommodation provided for farmworkers, some foul and some fair. It is generally accepted that before the nineteenth-century reforms, the state of housing throughout Northumberland, the Scottish Borders and Lothians was generally poor. Some accounts dating from the twentieth century are not pretty reading either. W.S. Gilly D.D., Vicar of Norham (1831) and Canon of Durham drew attention to the poor conditions of labourers' cottages and campaigned for changes. He refers to the cottages as 'miserable hovels', where 'the walls look as if they will scarcely hold together' and 'the thatch yawning to admit wind and wet'. His book 'The Peasantry of the Border: An Appeal on Their Behalf' contains some useful background information. 
In 1805 George Culley and John Bailey noted in a report that they had seen some significant housing improvements. That '…those [buildings] erected of later years are better adapted to the various purposes wanted on extensive farms and improved cultivation…' . Whereas their predecessors were 'very shabby and ill-contrived.'[8] (Those built from the mid-eighteenth century onwards often followed the same pattern of my own home. A long row of stone cottages, (6), of two rooms roughly 5m x 4m with a single door and two windows. There was a separate row of buildings housing the pigsty and the 'netty'.)
​An interesting snippet on the state of a vacated cottage appears in Walter White's book 'Northumberland and the Border':
'See an empty cottage before the hind has brought in his lumbering box there's, chairs and table, before he has set up his grate in the empty fireplace, fitted his window to the empty hole in the wall and you will think it's not good enough to be a stable.'[9]
​And another quoted from a first-hand account:
‘… about ninety years ago when there were no ovens and no windows; when people shifted they had ti' take their windows and fireplaces with them. No, the houses weren't all alike, the windows were different sizes, and they had to be made right with boards and cow dung.'[10]
Picture Female Farm Worker with cows and calves at Longhoughton circa 1950s
Female Farm Worker with cows and calves at Longhoughton circa 1950s
Other commentators note that, 'in the poorest dwellings the division between man and beast was only a low wooden partition. It was reckoned to be beneficial to 'let the coo see the fire'.[11]
This is no isolated comment as there are frequent references to man and beast sharing a roof with little to separate them. When trying to connect with ancestors, it is helpful to list the things they did NOT own or even have access to. By today's standards toilets and running water were non-existent. In the words of Jean Willis of Alnwick in the 1920s and 1930s, 'the water tap [standpipe] served seven families and was a good distance from the house…. The netty was outside and … the wooden seat had two holes, a high one and a low one for a child.' (I remember the old disused 'double seater' outside the farmhouse at Longhoughton, but don't recollect a difference in the height of the seat!) Jean continues, 'The one netty had to serve three families ( about 15 people). It was no use if you were in a hurry and someone else was in. There was no sink to wash your hands after.'[12]
​It was not all grey, grim and smelly, though, as when 'put to rights' it was possible to make the cottages into a surprisingly comfortable and colourful home. As noted by the Rev Gilly as he describes the dresser with its 'large blue dishes and plates, some of Staffordshire ware, and other of Delf, intermixed with old china or porcelain tea-pots, cups and saucers…' and a 'handsome clock in the tall case and a chest of drawers'. He also remarks that there are books in most households with family bible taking pride of place. All this once past the cow that greeted him immediately inside the door!
Standards of accommodation mattered, and a Hind was not above asking his prospective employer 'What sort of cottages have you?' before accepting a position.[13] At the Hirings in the late-nineteenth early twentieth century, another man's view was, 'family came first' and that 'a good house was worth £1 a week in the wage.'[14]
Picture  Making Hay at Longhoughton circa 1920s.  A group of farm workers in front of a Haystack with heavy horses and an elevator.
Making Hay at Longhoughton circa 1920s

Memories of the 'Hirings'

​These were often large gatherings where workers would be well turned out, sometimes wearing an emblem of their trade, such as a tuft of wool, whipcord, or a sprig of hawthorn in their hats. In 1827, Alexander Somerville, hoping to be hired as a Carter, also put a piece of straw in his mouth to show he was looking for a position. 
The Hirings were criticised as demeaning for those looking for work. In 1913 the general secretary of the Scottish Farm Servants Union noted '…the farmers went through the men pretty much the same way as they did their cattle.' With another lady remarking that 'my old aunt was a bondager. She said they used to stand on the cobbles at Alnwick and the farmers used to look them up and down as if they were horses.[15]
​An extract from the recollections of John Clay of Kerchesters, Sprouston and later Chicago suggests that some farmers also found the Hirings, an uncomfortable experience.
Picture
John Clay of Chicago. Account dated circa 1877.
John even found hiring casual labour by the week distasteful  
Picture
John Clay of Chicago. Account dated circa 1877.
As the Hirings were also an occasion for folk to gather, it was a boom time for irregular marriages and socialising. Others went for this entertainment such as two girls who went to the hirings 'for sport'. 'The girls go the hirings and like it. They wear their best clothes and their white veils and bonnets. They often look a lump better than the gentry, for they look fresher like.'[16]
​There was also the inevitable element of drunkenness and disorderly behaviour. In 1875 at the March Hirings at Alnwick, Thomas Waite employed by John Smith of Longhoughton became involved in a brawl in which a policeman lost his life. (Later found to have been due to a heart attack rather than the ensuing riot.)
​Looking deeper into the lives of agricultural ancestors makes for a fascinating study. Uprooting family and belongings, sometimes on an annual basis may sound unsettling by modern standards. But voices from the past often speak fondly of the event. The crowded cottage with little privacy, no 'facilities' and a cow in the back room is beyond the comprehension of today's demands of at least one toilet per resident backside. But the past often tells of a warmth, colour and family unity absent in the present. Far from lost or even unrecorded, numerous sources contain the voices of rural men and women from the past. It is perhaps a case of tuning the modern ear to the correct frequency so they can be heard. 
Picture
Stacking bales at Longhoughton circa early 1950s. Spot the ever present family pet!

Footnotes

[1] W. S Gilly D.D. 'The Peasantry of the Border: An Appeal on Their Behalf' 2nd Edition, London, 1842
https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/_/NexK1GL4XWAC?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjUo-eX6efzAhUllIsKHUMUB1MQ7_IDegQIBxAD
​[2] Rev. Hastings M Neville, ‘A Corner in the North: Yesterday and Today with Border Folk’, 1909
[3] Ian MacDougall, Bondagers. Eight Scots Women Farm Workers,
Tuckwell Press, 2000. Mary King b. 1905 describing a flitting circa 1916. Cited in Dinah Iredale 'Bondagers'
​[4] Barbara W Robertson, 'Family Life: Border Farm Workers in the Early Decades of the Twentieth Century', Scottish Life and Society. The Individual and Community Life, John Donald, Edinburgh, 2005. Cited in Dinah Iredale, 'Bondagers'.
[5] Bolton Parish Description, Scottish Women's Rural Institute, 1974. Cited in Dinah Iredale's  'Bondagers'
[6] Ellingham Women's Institute, Collectanea. Scraps of English Folklore, XI, 1904.
​ https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0015587X.1925.9718328

[7] The Scotsman, Wednesday 5 July 1978. Liz Taylor interview with Mary Rutherford formerly of Mellerstain.
​[8] John Bailey and George Culley, 'General View of the Agriculture of Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmorland.' 1805. Available through Google Books
https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/General_View_of_the_Agriculture_of_the_C.html?id=A3ZbAAAAQAAJ&redir_esc=y
​
[9] Walter White, Northumberland and the Border, London, 1859. Available through Archive.org. 
https://archive.org/details/northumberlanda00whitgoog/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater
​[10] Rosalie E Bosanquet, 'In the Troublesome Times' 1929. Second-hand copies are readily available to purchase online.
​[11] Ian and Kathleen Whyte, 'The Changing Scottish Landscape 1500 – 1800', 1991. Cited in Dinah Iredale 'The Bondagers'.
​
[12] Dinah Iredale, ‘Bondagers: The History of Women Farmworkers in Northumberland and South East Scotland’ 2nd Edition, Berwick, 2011. p. 105.
[13] Henley, 'Employment of Children, Young Persons and Women in Agriculture' Royal Commission on Labour, HMSO, 1867.
[14] Minnie Bell, School of Scottish Studies, University of Edinburgh. Cited by Dinah Iredale.
​
[15] Katrina Porteous, 'The Bonny Fisher Lad', People's History Series Ltd, 2004. May Douglas, cited in Dinah Iredale's 'Bondagers'. 
​
[16] Arthur Wilson Fox, 'The Agricultural Labourer: Report upon The Poor Law Union of Glendale' (Northumberland), Royal Commission on Labour, HMSO, 1893. Cited in Dinah Iredale’s, 'Bondagers'

Other Useful Links

Dinah Iredale, 'Farming History - The Forgotten Workers' 
https://www.facebook.com/TheBondagers/ 
Matthew and George Culley:  Travel Journals and Letters, 1765 – 1798. Available in part through Google Books
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PwZhQUO4KlgC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
David R Stead, ‘The mobility of English tenant farmers, c. 1700–1850’ 
https://bahs.org.uk/AGHR/ARTICLES/51n2a4.pdf
John Grey of Dilston, Berwick, 1841.  A View of the Past and Present State of Agriculture in Northumberland and Details of Experiments with Various Manures.
https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2kdiAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
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Eight Easy, Accessible Sources for Ancestral and Historical Property Research

24/9/2021

2 Comments

 
PictureLions House, Berwick upon Tweed on a sunny September afternoon 2021.  The house was much admired by the artist J S Lowry.
Lions House, Berwick upon Tweed on a sunny September afternoon 2021. The house was much admired by the artist J S Lowry.
​There is no better way to add context to family history than to research the homes, places and communities where ancestors lived.  With the return of 'A House Through Time' for Series 4, there is a resurgence of interest in buildings associated with ancestral heritage.  If looking for some guidance, the October edition of Family Tree Magazine, dubbed a #househistory special, is a great place to start.  Not only does it feature an exclusive interview with the show's presenter, Professor David Olusoga, but editor Helen Tovey dives behind the scenes for a sneaky peek into the making of the programme.  (A link to Helen's interview with Mary Crisp and Caroline Miller, two of the show’s producers, is included in this month's newsletter.)  The magazine also contains a guide to using maps, practical house history case studies and the top ten sources for researching ancestor homes from Kathryn Feavers.  Kathryn has been a member of the research team from Series 1.  These are great, and many of the sources will already be familiar to readers but there are always more!
​I recently had the chance to take a short walk around Berwick-upon-Tweed 'old town'.  I love to lose myself in the views of the sea from the Elizabethan Walls.  I can imagine the 'Smacks', other sailing ships and boats waiting to be loaded with local goods, or, to spill their precious cargos from further afield onto the old quayside. The town is packed to the gunwales with so many intriguing buildings and interesting architecture it is easy to visualise the streets, yards and alleyways bustling with colour and activity during different periods of history. This month's blog seems a great place to share a few insider tips on where to find additional information.  And for a local flavour what better place to start than Berwick.

1. Maps and Town Plans

Picture John Speed's map of Berwick upon Tweed in 1611.
John Speed's map of Berwick upon Tweed in 1611.
​ I am in complete agreement with Kathryn that maps are a great place to start. With a good run, it is possible to compare landscapes both rural and urban over a long period. Many historic maps and town plans are available through the National Library of Scotland. Amongst them is John Wood's detailed town plan of Berwick from 1822. Wood's series of maps of Scottish towns are particularly useful as they pre-date the census by some 20 years and contain a scattering of names of the proprietors. The accompanying book containing descriptive accounts of his town 'atlas' and some fascinating snippets of historical context, is available through Archive.org. The entry for Berwick begins on page 48.
Picture
National Library of Scotland, Maps and Plans of Berwick. CC-BY 4 (NLS) https://maps.nls.uk/view/74400014 Town Plans by John Wood, Plan of the Town of Berwick from actual survey. (Extract)
​Looking at the route of my recent walk on Wood’s 1822 map, the space surrounding the buildings in Palace Street and Wellington Terrace is quite striking.  There almost appear to be fewer buildings than depicted in John Speed's map of 1611 above.   The new Governor's House and grounds built in 1719 to house the Governor of Berwick Garrison, dominates the east side Palace Green in blissful solitude.  Thirty years later the large-scale ordnance Survey map of 1852 shows the area to have an Industrial School, the Tweed Brewery, a Bowling Green, Readings Rooms and several new homes.   
Picture
National Library of Scotland, Maps and Plans of Berwick. CC-BY 4 (NLS) Town Plan of Berwick-upon-Tweed, Surveyed: 1852, Scale: 1:528, 17 map sheets. Berwick-upon-Tweed 1852 - Sheet 11 https://maps.nls.uk/view/74417429
1852 also bears witness to the importance of the corn trade, with many large granaries occupying the roads adjacent to the Quay Walls. ​
Picture
National Library of Scotland, Maps and Plans of Berwick. CC-BY 4 (NLS) Town Plan of Berwick-upon-Tweed, Surveyed: 1852, Scale: 1:528, 17 map sheets. Berwick-upon-Tweed 1852 - Sheet 11 https://maps.nls.uk/view/74417429 . There are more granaries on the adjacent sheet No 8.

2. Listed Building Register (Historic England & Historic Environment Scotland) 

​Most buildings in England that pre-date 1840 have a 'record'.   Thus, if a building is old it is always worth checking to see if it is 'listed'.   A search of the relevant registers of England and Scotland is easy and free.   Entries include more detailed descriptions of the architectural features or historical significance of a building or the reason for its inclusion.  They are often brief, but at times the records contain some great nuggets of information.   This Historic Buildings Report attached to the entry for 84 Ravensdowne is a fantastic example of what it may be possible to find!  Locating the stories of the people though, will most often require investigation elsewhere. 
PictuThe windowless west gable end of 1 Wellington Terrace, Berwick upon Tweed.  re
The windowless west gable end of 1 Wellington Terrace, Berwick upon Tweed.
​The western gable of No 1 Wellington Terrace (the home of John Miller Dickson (1771 – 1848) has always intrigued, with its blanked off windows blinding the view towards Tweedmouth.  A house on the Walls at the corner of Wellington Terrace and Palace Street is known today as the 'Old Whaling House'.   It appears on the 1852 map as 'Bay View'.   At one time Berwick was also a whaling port, albeit on a small scale.   The ship 'Norfolk', famed for surving an ice-bound winter in the Davis Straits in 1836 was the property of John Miller Dickson, the owner and occupant of 1 Wellington Terrace.   ​​The old ' whale oil' refinery stands on Pier Road.  It is now flats with fabulous views over the mouth of the Tweed with its pier and lighthouse, and to the sea beyond.

3.  Berwick upon Tweed 'Our Families Project'

​A searchable database for High Greens, Low Greens and Ravensdowne, created as part of the HLF  'Our families Project' organised by Berwick Record Office, is also available online. The database contains information collated by volunteers from censuses, electoral registers, parish records, newspapers and other sources. It's a great little resource but very sadly Berwick specific.  Nonetheless, it is an example of the type of information available for a specific property investigation.  It is accessible via The Friends of Berwick and District Museum and Archives website. 

4.  The Berwick Directory of 1806

​Trade Directories are another 'go to' for information on a place as well as its people. The Berwick Directory of 1806 provides a glimpse of the town and its community during the Georgian era.  The layout allows for searching by surnames, streets and place names, trades and professions, carriers and public houses. (Backway was one of the alternative names used for Ravensdowne, as was Union Street but neither 'stuck'.)
PicturePages from the Berwick upon Tweed Directory of 1806.  For Palace Street, Quay Walls and Backway
Pages from the Berwick upon Tweed Directory of 1806. http://rgcairns.orpheusweb.co.uk/DirectoryContents.html
​The National Library of Scotland holds Scottish Post Office and other Trade Directories, such as 'Pigots' and 'Slaters' for Scotland. The 1837 Scottish edition of Pigot's also includes Berwick upon Tweed and a few other important 'towns' in England as well as the Isle of Man. The directories are free to access and download.
PictureThe frontispiece of Pigot & Co's 1837 Trade Directory for Scotland etc.
The frontispiece of Pigot & Co's 1837 Trade Directory for Scotland etc.

5.  OS Place Names

​If looking for places that no longer exist, Ordnance Survey Name Books are worth a try. Thanks to the project 'Northumberland Name Books — Places and People c. 1860' names of places in Northumberland, recorded by the Royal Engineers surveyors and aided by local civilians 'in the know', are available to search online. 
Picture
Extract from the Northumberland Name Book website for Berwick upon Tweed http://namebooks.org.uk/browse/main/?OSref=154&Page=35&indexPage=1
​(This site carries a 'rabbit hole' warning! I looked at the page for Longhoughton and although I recognised many of the old names, such as Letch Houses that appear in a family tenancy agreement of 1872, I confess many were new to me.  One that was unfamiliar and caught my eye was 'Broken Stirrup', a gully in Ratcheugh Crag)
​The Scottish OS Name Books are accessible free through Scotland's Places. The website also contains a plethora of other information relating to property: Land Tax Rolls 1645 - 1831, Window Tax 1748 – 1798, Cart Tax Rolls 1785 – 1798, Farm Horse Tax Rolls 1797 – 1798, as well as old maps, drawings and photographs. 

6.  Valuation Rolls

​Staying north of the Border, the Valuation Rolls available through the Scotland's People Website can also be enormously helpful when tracing the history of a property and its occupants.  As well as homes, these records also include business premises such as farms, shops, churches, schools and a few oddities such as railway stations.  Their purpose was to assess the rate of tax due on a property. 
The assessor in each county or parliamentary burgh compiled annual valuation rolls, listing most buildings and other property in their areas, along with the names and designations of the proprietor (owner), tenant and occupier, and the annual rateable value.
The records cover the period 1855 – 1940, and there is a helpful guide to using these records on the Scotland's People Website. The Index is free to search, but to view or download a record will cost 2 credits or 50p. Although it is possible to search by parish and place it can be a little tricky identifying a specific property as street names and numbers were often absent in the earlier records. Knowing the surname of the owner, occupant or neighbours will help a lot.   

​The level of information provided in the returns varied year on year.  But as the records were created for tax assessment purposes, they do have their limitations.

7.  Deeds

Deeds are a large, complex and interesting topic that deserve a blog of their own. Only a very brief overview appears below.
​
For present-day enquiries, a search of the Title Registers held by the relevant Land Registry for each Country will establish the current owner and extent of a property. For England, this is HM Land Registry, and in Scotland, the Scotland Land Information Service through the Registers of Scotland. 
​In Scotland before the introduction of the Land Register, Deeds (or Sasines) relating to land and property were recorded in the Sasine Register. Some sasines are accessible through Registers of Scotland but the National Records of Scotland holds the majority. Click here for the NRS online guide to sasines and searching the sasine registers. Alternatively, there are various companies and organisations that (for a fee) will help navigate the systems and obtain the available property records for you.
​In England, local record repositories and archives often hold historic Deeds and other documents associated with land transactions. Transactions in land to prove ownership have been recorded since the Medieval period. 
Picture Extract from an example of a Quitclaim  dated 2 July 1680.  Reproduced courtesy of Berwick Record Office ZMD72-2-3-11
Extract from an example of a Quitclaim dated 2 July 1680. Reproduced courtesy of Berwick Record Office ZMD72-2-3-11
​Transactions in Freehold land came in different forms; Gift, Quitclaim, Letters Patent, Bargain and Sale, Lease and Release, Feoffement, Final Concord, Common Recovery, Deed of Covenant and Grant or Conveyance.  More details on their specific purpose and distinguishing features can be found online in an 'Introduction to Deeds in Depth' at The University of Nottingham. 
​They also appeared as hybrid documents such as the transcription extract taken from a document dated 1640 held at Berwick upon Tweed Record Office.  It is for the Bargain and Sale with Feoffement of a property in Bridge Street lying between properties belonging to William Morton, gentleman, and George Smith, Burgess. 
To all Christian people to whom this p[re]sent Writeing shall come I  Edward Wilson of the towne & County of Newcastle upon
Tyne yeoman, send greeteing in our Lord god everlasting Knowe yee that I the said Edward Wilson for div[er]se
good lawfull & valueable causes me th[er]unto moveing have granted Bargained sold Aliened enfeoffed and Confirmed
And by these p[re]sent[es] doe fullie & absolutelie grant Bargaine sell Alien enfeoffe & Confirme unto John Currie
of the Brough of Barwicke upon Tweed burges All That Burgage or Tenem[en]t with the app[er]tun[an]c[es] now
in the possession of the said John Currie, scituate standing & being within the Brough of Barwicke aforesaid, on
the north side of a streete  th[er] called Briggate streete, Betweene the house & ground now in the possession of
Will[ia]m Morton gent. on the west & North, a Tenem[en]t in the possession of George Smith burges on the East
​Although introduced in 1862, land registration was not made compulsory until 1899. In Scotland, the General Register of Sasines was introduced in 1617 and was the first national land register in the world. The biggest problem is that historically only a small proportion of the population owned land and property! 

8.  Estate Records and Rental Rolls

​Most land and property, particularly in rural areas, was in the ownership of a handful of individuals.  These 'Estates' then let their land and property to others.  As a result, lease and rental records such as 'Rental Rolls' can often be more informative on a property's history than those relating to its ownership.  Although some estates on both sides of the Border still retain their records, many have made them available to the public via national or local archives and record offices.  For example, Berwick Record Office holds historic Rental Rolls for the Ford and Etal Estate amongst its records.
​The various tenants of the farm where I grew up (featured in my July blog), were traced back to the early 1800s through rental agreements and tenancies.  The associated schedules make fascinating reading and illustrate how the farm changed shape over the years to accommodate the arrival of the railway, the new road to Boulmer, the expansion of Longhoughton Village and the coming of the Royal Air Force.
PictureExtract from schedule attached to tenancy agreement of 1852 for Longhoughton Hall Farm.
Extract from schedule attached to tenancy agreement of 1852 for Longhoughton Hall Farm.
​They also document the changes to the farmhouse living accommodation, both cosmetic and functional.  At one point in time, it appears there was another floor containing four attic rooms and what would become my own bedroom, may once have been a granary. 

Conclusion

​The eight sources outlined above will hopefully provide some inspiration for new places to research. Not only for information about your ancestors, but also their homes, other associated buildings such as shops or farms, and the area and communities in which they lived.  Weaving historical context gleaned about homes and communities into ancestral information brings another dimension and dynamic to family history research

Useful Links

1806 Directory for Berwick
http://rgcairns.orpheusweb.co.uk/DirectoryContents.html
National Library of Scotland, Maps and Plans of Berwick
​ https://maps.nls.uk/towns/berwick.html
​Historic England
https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/
Historic Environment Scotland
https://www.historicenvironment.scot/advice-and-support/listing-scheduling-and-designations/listed-buildings/search-for-a-listed-building/
National Library of  Scotland, Scottish Post Office Directories
https://digital.nls.uk/directories/index.html
Scotlands Places, Berwickshire Records
https://scotlandsplaces.gov.uk/search/place/berwickshire
Northumberland County Council , Extensive Urban Survey Project 2009.  List of Listed Buildings in Berwick  Appendix Page 60
https://www.northumberland.gov.uk/NorthumberlandCountyCouncil/media/Planning-and-Building/Conservation/Archaeology/Berwick.pdf
Northumberland Name Books, Berwick,
http://namebooks.org.uk/browse/main/?OSref=154&Page=35&indexPage=1
Scotland’s People Guide to Valuation Rolls
https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/guides/valuation-rolls
Nottingham University, ‘Introduction to Deeds in Depth’
https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/manuscriptsandspecialcollections/researchguidance/deedsindepth/introduction.aspx
Friends of Berwick and District Museum and Archives
​www.berwickfriends.org.uk/
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Eight Easy Ways to create compelling Ancestral Life Stories

28/8/2021

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Picture
Henry George Hine. 'Mr. Crindle's Rapid Career Upon Town' Cartoon created for 'Man in the Moon' courtesy of Lambiek Comiclopedia https://www.lambiek.net/artists/h/hine_henry_george.htm
​‘Biography is one of the most popular and widely read of literary genres.  It can also be controversial, scandalous, and hotly debated. And it is by no means a fixed or stable form of literature. Biography has gone through many centuries of change and exists in many different versions.’[1]
​Documenting ancestor’s lives and bringing together family history as a narrative creates a position of both power and responsibility.  Not least, over what form the account will take, what to include and what to lose to the cutting room floor.  It is the culmination of years of research come to fruition.  The stories of the good, the bad, the bigamous, the unmarried, the criminal or the victim all waiting to spill out onto the page.  But where to begin?  And is it ‘right’ to include everything ‘warts and all’ because it has been unearthed?   
The October issue of Family Tree Magazine contains my article discussing this issue.[2]  It also covers some other considerations faced when writing ancestors stories (moral and otherwise) based on the results of a questionnaire circulated in June.  The same issue contains an exclusive feature on house history by David Olusoga, presenter of BBC2’s ‘A House in Time’.  A great article that builds on last month’s blog looking at creating immersive historical settings.
In preparation for the companion piece focusing on the ‘practicalities’ of writing ancestor biographies, this month I look at some stylistic ways it can be easily achieved.  It can be a lot of fun!  Plus, many methods outlined can also act as a research aide memoir by highlighting gaps in knowledge.  ​
‘Cradle to Grave’ is the traditional style or method favoured by family historians.  It is customary to begin with a birth and follow a chronological path through life and achievements to the point of departure.  But there are many other ways to approach writing family history and ancestral stories and, they don’t all have to begin at the beginning or with a birth!  Here are a few alternative tactics that work well in the context of family history:
  • Begin or focus on a particular event in, or aspect of, an individual’s life.  Think ‘On Chapel Sands’ where author Laura Cumming begins the narrative with the childhood disappearance of her mother from a beach in Lincolnshire.
  • The story of your discoveries.  Take the reader on your journey of discovery as you uncover the evidence and the story begins to emerge piece by piece.
  • Use an object or place as a focal point.  Using a simple object that has passed down through the generations, or a house or place that was home or place of business can be a great way of uniting different strands of a story around a common theme.
  • A life told via graphics or images such as photographs.  There are some fabulous graphics software packages available these days, many of which have free versions too.  If words are not your forte, keep them to a minimum and let your creativity run wild with a picture book. 
  • A series of essays or stories within the story.  Bite size chunks are not only manageable but can work well.  Author Miranda Doyle used this to great effect when writing her memoir ‘A Book of Untruths’.  Even limiting herself to approximately 1,000 words per untruth a series of separate stories run seamlessly together.  (They don’t even need to be this long – try it with 500 words or less.  It’s amazing how much information a few words will capture.)   
  • Bring together the research and commentary of others.  Some biographies have little or no original research in them at all.  They work by combining the research or commentary of others or even pitting them against one another.  In a family history context bringing together the different and (sometimes) opposing memories of family members can create diverse, colourful and sometimes humorous accounts.  
​There are at least two further approaches.  One will be familiar to all family historians (the Obituary style) and another that took me a bit by surprise!  During five days of intensive life writing workshops, author Richard Skinner set a task to research and gather as much information as possible about a favourite ‘artist’.  The research time given was one afternoon!  The information amassed was to form the basis of the next day’s writing challenge. But at the time of the research, that challenge was unknown. 

Portrait of a Painter - Henry George Hine 1811 - 1895

Picture
Figures Crossing a Back H.G Hine. A Street in London [Possibly Hampstead] Early Morning in Winter. (1887)
​My knowledge of the world of art is somewhat limited, but the well-known watercolourist Henry George Hine immediately came to mind.  He was the husband of a third great aunt, Mary Ann Eliza Egerton, so I already knew something about him too.  An interesting man who preferred a ‘simple kindly life’ and had great stories to tell.  He was a prolific artist whose pictures are rich in historic detail.  They reflect a bygone era and provide powerful vignettes of social history.  Those of Brighton are useful records of the town’s history with its fish quay, promenade and bathing huts.   Other paintings depicting scenes such as a cattle train on a viaduct, London washerwoman at work and a fire in Drury Lane are three others that offer rich glimpses into the past.  Hine himself often reflected on the Brighton of his childhood recounting the tales to friends and family along with the legend of a highwayman ancestor hanged during the time of Cromwell. 
​My January 2019 blog also mentions the family.  In it, I aim to dispel a few myths concerning the Egerton family pedigree and speculate whether coaching connections may have brought the couple together.  It is only speculation, as Mary Ann was to become an accomplished artist in her own right.  She exhibited a figurative watercolour at the Dudley Gallery in 1873.  The couple had a staggering fifteen children of whom only one did not make adulthood.  I also mention two of his youngest daughters who were founding members of the ‘Peasant Arts Society’ in Haslemere Surrey.  But so many aspects of this couple’s life have an interesting back story.  The history and site of Saint Marks Church, Kennington, where the couple married in November 1840, is worthy of its own chapter.  But I digress!

Faber Workshops & Writing Challenges  

•             The interview or question and answer method.
​

When Richard outlined the writing challenge the following morning, my heart hit my boots.  ‘Interview your chosen artist in five questions.’  How do you interview an ancestor who died in 1895, let alone know what questions to ask?  Believing myself well prepared for the day’s exercises, my confidence flew out of the window and blind panic set in.  On top of this horrendous challenge was a time limit of 45 minutes.  I was having premonitions of a blank page at the end of the allotted time and sitting back to enjoy my writing partner’s piece of literary genius!  Where to even start such an endeavour? I looked to Henry himself for guidance and started to write …
Portrait of Henry George Hine, painted in 1891 by Walker Hodgson
Henry George Hine V.P.R.I by Walker Hodgson Dec 1891. (Walker Hodgson, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons)
I am looking at the 80-year-old man in an 1891 sketch by Walker Hodgson.  His mass of white, leonine hair is set high and Einstein-Esque above an intelligent forehead.  His kindly eyes gaze over his long nose, drooping moustache and feathery beard to a point in the distance somewhere beyond my left shoulder.   I imagine ‘chewing the fat’ over a cup of hot chocolate with this portly fellow with the immaculate bow tie, waistcoat unbuttoned to accommodate his form and handkerchief, wilting in a top pocket.  I want to ask him about his life and experiences that culminated in the vice presidency of the Royal Institute of Painters in Watercolours.  A position he held from 1887 to his death in 1895.

Tell me about where you were born, your parents and your siblings. 
‘I was born in East Street Brighton on 15th August 1811, and I was the youngest of seven children, although two died as infants before I was born.  My father, William, who had come from humble beginnings in rural Hampshire, had worked his way up in life and ran a coaching service.  One of the first on the London to Brighton route.  My mother was a fine specimen of a housewife with a tendency to be overly fussy.  Both were illiterate but made sure to give us children a good education. My brother William was married and lived away from the home that I shared with my parents, older sisters Mary and Esther and brother Fred.  Cousin Ridley lived with us too when not driving a coach, along with old Sukie the maid and Sprightly the outside porter.’

Can you describe one of your earliest memories?
‘One day, when I was just the same height as the keyhole of the office door, I sat outside in our cobblestones yard while the clothes were drying.  Sukie came out of the washhouse with her arms full of clothes. Have ‘ee heard the news she asked me?  The old King is dead at last.  I remember I cried bitterly as it seemed so sad.  A little while after that they gave me a medal of his late Majesty King George III in his wig going up to heaven assisted by an angel.’

How did you learn to paint?
‘I was self-taught and received no formal training but was encouraged to make art a career by Rev Townsend, the local vicar.  He had several watercolours paintings of the sea and downs by Copley Fielding that I spent hours admiring and trying to emulate.  Some of the subtleties in the use of light have been attributed to his influence. But it might also be down to the way I grind the paint for a second time.’ 

But painting was not what you were first known for – why was that?
Life as a young painter from a humble background is hard,  although I did exhibit at the Royal Academy for the first time in 1830.  Don Quixote in the Sable Mountains, if I remember correctly?  I wasn’t particularly successful until around 1859 when an oil painting of ‘Smugglers waiting for a Lugger’ started to attract attention.  I needed to earn a living, so I joined a couple of other artists creating illustrations that became known as cartoons at the new satirical magazine Punch, then Puck,  The Man in the Moon and The London Illustrated News.  I continued illustrating through the 1840s and 50s but had become freelance by then and had a wife and large family to provide for.
​Although I didn’t finish the challenge in the allotted time, I was not left looking at a blank screen either.  Yes, the first question was about where he was born, but it needn’t have been!  In my haste to put words on the page, I framed the questions around answers I knew.  But none of the details are fictitious and where possible, Henry’s ‘own voice’ has been used.  As I began scribbling, I remembered the book ‘Round about a Brighton Coach Office’, a selection of his stories retold and published by his daughter Maude.  Using extracts from the book and combining them with other known facts formed the basis of Henry’s answers.   
​As coincidence would have it, the afternoon’s challenge was an Obituary, the style of which is popular and well-known amongst family historians.  
Picture
Untitled (A courtyard of women washing Clothes) © Trustees of the British Museum | Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
•             Obituary style or ‘Beginning at the End’

As well as containing details of funeral arrangements, an obituary of a well-known figure often comprises a brief biographical overview of their life.  Adopting this approach essentially begins an individual’s story at the point where it ends.  The main focus is almost always specific achievements.   This time there was a limit of 500 words on top of the 45 minutes of writing time.   What follows is my attempt, which, although roughly completed within the time, is not great but will hopefully inspire you to give it go! 
On the 16th March 1895, at his home in Gayton Crescent, Hampstead, in his 84th year, renowned watercolour artist Henry George Hine laid down his paintbrush for the last time. 

Henry, or ‘Harry’ as he was known to his family, was the youngest of 7 children.  He was born in East Street Brighton on 15th August 1811, where his father William was a proprietor of a coaching service on the historic London to Brighton route.  Henry spent his childhood in Brighton.  The beach with its fishermen, the bathing huts and the vast open spaces of the South Downs were his playground and inspiration for many of his most memorable works.

He was encouraged in his artistic endeavours by the Rev. W Townsend, the local vicar, whose collection of watercolours by Copley Fielding became his early muse and whose influence in the subtlety of light is discernible in many of his works.  Henry’s career was slow to launch and, although he first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1830, it was not until 1859 when ‘Smugglers waiting for a Lugger’ brought him to prominence. 

As a teenager, he was apprenticed as a stipple engraver to a Henry Meyer in London, but a bout of ill-health saw him sent to France where for around two and a half years he could be found painting and mastering his craft amongst the cloisters of Rouen Cathedral.  On his return, he again went to London, where he worked as a wood engraver for Peter Landells and was present at the beginning of illustrative journalism.  Henry was a talented watercolourist, known for the subtlety and delicacy of his paint – he always gave his cake colours a second grinding on the slab to make them finer. But he is also famed for his political and satirical cartoon illustrations that appeared in magazines such as Punch, Puck, The Illustrated London News and other rival publications. 

It was around this time that Henry moved to London permanently.  On 11 November 1840,  he married Mary Ann Eliza Egerton, the daughter of the proprietor of a rival coaching company at St Mark’s, Kennington.   He was a prolific painter, exhibiting over 331 paintings in his lifetime, and in 1887 he rose to the position of vice president of the Royal Institute of Painters in Watercolours.  A position to which he would be re-elected every year until his death.  Too modest to accept the post of president. 

As well as a painter, Henry was a great raconteur and would entertain his family and friends with tales of Old Brighton.  Stories handed down to him from his father of the old coaching days and the legend of a highwayman ancestor.
​

Henry is survived by 13 of the couple’s 15 children.  Among them are several noted artists and authors. His funeral will take place at Highgate Cemetery on the afternoon of Tuesday 19th March.   
​I confess to writing the beginning and the end first and then ‘putting the jam in the sandwich’.  Cheating, but at least it provides some form of narrative arc to the 481 words used!  But it is the sharp contrast in language and tone between the two exercises that is so dramatic.  

The Q&A is more personal and the subject feels close and alive, whereas the Obituary is altogether more formal and the subject quite distant.  It is interesting to see how much the different approaches affect the result in such a radical way.  An interview or Q&A with a deceased ancestor is not something I would ever have thought of trying before, but it is a method and style I will try again.  I can also see its benefit as a focus and framework for questions to pose to the living too!
The reason for sharing the  exercises above is to inspire you to be bold and have a go yourselves! Choose a style, set a clock for half an hour or 45 minutes and just get scribbling. (Setting a short time limit can be an effective motivator.)  Then, why not share your results with others. They may look differently on family history after reading your work!
Picture
Henry George Hine, 'In and Out'. (Henry George Hine, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons)
[1] Hermione Lee. Biography A Very Short Introduction.  Oxford 2009.
[2] Family Tree Magazine, October Issue on sale from the 10th September either in print or online https://www.family-tree.co.uk/store/back-issues/family-tree-magazine
​

Useful Links

St Mark's Church Kennington, 
https://stmarkskennington.org/about/history/

Explore a further selection of Henry's Paintings at Watercolour World  
www.watercolourworld.org/search?query=Henry+George+Hine&displayCount=24

A highly informative website about the peasant art movement and its people. 
Peasant Arts - Haslemere http://peasant-arts.blogspot.com/p/introduction.html
 
A wonderfully illustrated copy of Henry's tales retold by his daughter Maude.  
Archive.org 'Round About a Brighton Coach Office' Maude Egerton King with illustrations by Lucy Kemp Welsh.
​ ​https://archive.org/details/roundaboutbright00king/page/n9/mode/2up

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Immersive historical settings: how to create them, have fun and engage the reader.

31/7/2021

3 Comments

 
A great narrative does not have to be fiction and writing creatively does not make an account less factual!  Creating a rich setting provides the theatre in which characters can be expressed and allowed to re-enact their stories.
Picture
For many family historians, the pleasure of research lies in sharing discoveries or entertaining others with ancestral tales.  For some, it is the enjoyment of immersion in old documents and learning about times gone by. ​For others, it is the desire to create a legacy for generations to come.   But for all, the question of how to record it all will doubtless arise at some point!
There is the traditional method of recording information in a family tree accompanied by a report containing dates, facts and endless citations.  But if looking to go beyond the time-honoured route, a written narrative account may be the answer.   Nonetheless, the style and format of any account are dictated by the intended audience.   Traditional family history reports are fine for other family historians.  But they don’t and won’t cut the mustard with non-genealogy minded folk!  To keep them reading beyond the first page requires a more sensory approach and language that captures the imagination. 
Writing a factual family history, a biographical account of a specific ancestor or about the place where ancestors lived needn’t be dull.  Cast your mind back to books you have read. What is it about them you enjoyed? I have recently finished ‘Inge’s War' by Svenja O’Donnell.[1]  Taking advantage of the hot weather I sat in the garden and read the account of her grandmother’s life in Germany during WW2 from cover to cover. It is an example of a family history narrative at its best. Meticulously researched, yet the language is highly accessible making it easy for the reader to engage with her story. It is sensitive and compelling but remains honest and factual.

Creating Setting for Historical Narratives

Like any other account, the historical narrative needs to contain specific elements.  Setting is one of the most important as it conveys a sense of place and time as well as providing the backdrop and mood for characters to play out the plot.  I have been having some fun of late indulging in a bit of memoir combined with house history and a 1,000-word challenge.
The house and farm where I spent much of my childhood and adolescence have a history that stretches back several centuries. The house’s listing with Historic England dates it from the late sixteenth - early seventeenth century. [2]  But I am also lucky as many records have survived which show how they have changed and evolved over the years.  I was the fifth generation in my direct paternal line to have lived there, thus I remember it well.  
  • ​We entered her care when we first came to the village in 1870.  The Victorian addition and I was the fifth generation to find sanctuary within her walls.  The common denominator and connection between me and my paternal line.  She was a constant, always there and always would be until she was not. 
It doesn’t always need a photograph to generate a visual on which to base more sensory images. This extract from the rental agreement for our predecessors in 1853 paints a picture of a very different internal layout than the one  I remember or exists today.
Picture
These differences account for the strange levels of old doorways and windows which can still be seen both inside out.  Instead of producing a literal account, it is possible to create a more dramatic feel for the idiosyncrasies without compromising the truth.
  • ​Her exoskeleton bears scars that witness the changes over the years. Cosmetic and functional as fashion or need dictated.  Nails and hooks still protrude from the mortar where once they supported ivy cloaking her frontage. Now exposed, old doorways half above, half below ground and openings that no longer let in the light, visible in her nakedness.  Inside, odd windows between rooms at floor level, long since blinded by stone, plaster, paper and paint
In the 1000-word challenge, I went a step further, humanised the house and treated it as the central character. By creating analogies between the house as a mother caring for her children, and, as a collector of the souls of previous inhabitants, it suited the purpose of the story I was trying to tell.
​Below are some examples of sources that will provide valuable information to help create a setting rich in historical detail and context.
  • Old Photographs
  • Newspapers
  • Estate Records
  • Deeds
  • Historical Gazetteers
  • Manorial Surveys and Terriers
  • Some Tax records such as Window, Hearth etc
  • Old Maps and Plans
  • Letters and Diaries
  • Account Books, Ledgers and other Miscellany
​The garden of my early childhood in my grandparents' day has also radically changed.  Granny Smith loved her flowers; a large bed in the centre of the top lawn provided what seemed to be an endless supply of Dahlias and Chrysanthemums.  There was a dry fishpond, a concrete-lined crater surrounded by crazy paving and French Marigolds. But it is the rows of rose beds separated by parallel gravel pathways I particularly remember.
Picture Newspaper cutting from the Berwickshire News re the Rose Garden at Longhoughton Hall
Courtesy of the British Newspaper Archive. The Berwickshire News, Tuesday February 13th 1934. (The Mr Logan referred to is, I believe a Mr George Logan of Ayton.)
​It was this interesting little snippet found in the newspapers that brought it to mind.  Although the paper appeared in 1934, the article relates to recollections of a journey made 40 years earlier in 1895.
  • Set in a garden once famed for its roses, where terraces and wooden framed pergolas heavy with blooms lined summer scented pathways, ...  
Picture A picture of my Pa and his parents in the garden at Longhoughton 1954/56
A picture of my Pa (John Michael Aynsley Smith) and his parents (John Aynsley Smith and Alain nee Davison) in the garden at Longhoughton 1954/56.
My recollections of the structure of the house continue:
  • ... her facade is unremarkable to the eye.  A Georgian double front with multipaned windows provided winter canvases for Jack Frost whose intricate designs turned to water at the slightest touch.  Three above and two below flanking a heavy six panelled door with a worn step and a broken boot scraper.  A tarnished brass bellpull set in a smooth square of sandstone that no longer worked – just a knob and a rod with a hole in the end.  The rack of service bells long since redundant, now wrapped in a chaotic tangle of cobwebbed wires, standing on end, demoted to the dairy.  A reminder.  Not destroyed nor discarded as if one day they may again be summoned and bounce back to life. 
​The next step is to introduce atmosphere.  Setting and sensory description is often lacking from traditional family histories and other historical accounts.  Again, as well as engaging the reader it is important to remember the contract to provide a truthful account.  In my 1000-word challenge, I drew heavily on personal memories of sounds, smells, taste and touch.
  • ​Stone flags and wooden floors stained black around the edges with not a fitted carpet in sight.  Paint and paper formed a skin, stretched and cracked in places over her stony insides. Cold underfoot and cool to the touch.
  • To the rear, a huge arched window from a later period dominates the main staircase.  At Christmas, our tree stood in the recess, the smell of pine needles hanging in the air on the landing.  Its twinkling lights visible from the road to the beach after dark
  • Rarely warm, with no heating other than open fires, her demeanour was cool in summer and perishing in winter. Chilblains, mittens and vests the everyday norm.  
  • Her heart lay in the kitchen where an oak longcase clock pulsed out time at a steady 60 beats per minute.  Heated by a fiery coke-eating dragon, the Aga was one place in the house that offered a warm lean.  Coke dust and breadcrumbs would dance on the hot plate at breakfast.  Aga toast, no other toast smells or tastes as good. Suspended above was a clothes airer, operated by a rope and pulley draped in fresh smelling laundry.  One 1930s unit housing the sink was crammed in a corner.  The red-painted cupboard beneath contained pan scourers, Vim and a rat trap on constant guard against furry intruders.
  • … the half-glazed door to the kitchen, the spring voicing its usual complaint.
The smallest detail or object can add mood and ambience as well as focus and interest.
Whilst helpful for setting, the sources listed above also contain information about the human aspect of a property or place.  When combined with the records commonly used for researching family histories, such as Birth Marriage & Death and the Census, it is possible to draw together a chronological account of previous inhabitants.  
PicA picture of Hannah Smith nee Aynsley (1837- 1922) widow of John Smith w.d. 5th Aug 1881.ture
A picture of Hannah Smith nee Aynsley (1837- 1922) widow of John Smith w.d. 5th Aug 1881. She is named as the tenant in the rental agreement dated 1882.
  • Despite her age, few families passed through her portals before us. The Adams family, residents in the village since at least 1497, were likely the first family entrusted to her care.  Their time ended abruptly in June 1822 when Thomas Adams, aged 41, fell from his horse and  ‘was conveyed into Alnwick the same evening a corpse.’   I don’t think she ever recovered.  The next tenant, Edward Anderson Carr, died in 1852, aged 44, then William Sample junior and senior, father and son, within two days in 1858.  The Forsters, who escaped alive, were our immediate predecessors.  But her appetite was voracious and within ten years she added John Smith to her tally.  They buried him at home on Tweedside, but he didn’t go far.  None did.  It was as if the essence of those who had gone before lingered in passageways and shady corners, souls trapped in plaster.  She was testing our metal, but Borderers like herself we stood our ground. Her story is as much about the women as it is about the men.  Hannah, John’s widow took the tenancy and we stayed put for another 108 years.  
PictuSchedule to Tenancy Agreement for Longhoughton Hall Farm in the name of Mrs Hannah Smith, dated 15th November 1882.re
Schedule to Tenancy Agreement for Longhoughton Hall Farm in the name of Mrs Hannah Smith, dated 15th November 1882.
There is enough information about the place and its people to write several chapters of a book. This extract is a brief glimpse, but it needed to be.  Context and relevance are key for both narrative and content.  A tight word count focuses the mind and curtails an over-eager pen!  
Writing a family, house or any other history may seem a daunting prospect. ​Try starting small with a series of small challenges or vignettes written in 1,000 words or less.  It’s amazing how much can be said in under 500 words.  These exercises are great for building confidence and also for providing material for a much larger work. Remember, a great narrative does not have to be fiction and writing creatively does not make an account less factual! Creating a rich setting provides the theatre in which characters can be expressed and allowed re-enact their story. 
A two-part article on the topic of writing family history narrative will be published in Family Tree Magazine. Part I which considers the principles, (moral and otherwise) together with the potential pitfalls, will appear in the October issue on sale from the 10th September.  It is based on the responses to a public questionnaire circulated in June.  If you were one of the 75 individuals who took part and shared their views, very many thanks indeed. Your opinions matter and they were fascinating to read!
Part II will focus on the practicalities of writing family history in its several forms.  If you have written a family history or are writing your ancestors' stories as a narrative, tried to write but given up, or would like to give it a go but don't know where to begin, we would love to hear from you.  The questionnaire is anonymous and contains only seven quick questions.  It will be open throughout August.  The results with a selection of your comments will appear in the December issue. 
Questionnaire
​As research can be a solitary pastime, so can writing. Getting together with others, in a small group, or even just one other individual can provide moral support as well as helpful feedback and suggestions.  Content, Context and Construction are topics I intend to cover in workshops with small groups over the winter months.  If you think these might be of interest, please contact me for further information.
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PictureExtract from Lordship plan of Longhoughton circa 1788 where the house can be clearly seen.
Extract from Lordship plan of Longhoughton circa 1788 where the house can be clearly seen. Note the absence of the existing road to Boulmer. At that time (and until late nineteenth century the road to Boulmer lay further south on the Lesbury Rd and ran through The Letches

Useful Links

[1] Penguin Books, Svenja O'Donnell, 'Inges' War - A True Story of Family, Secrets and Survival under Hitler'
https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/111/1118767/inge-s-war/9781529105476.html​
[2] Historic England, Longhoughton Hall,  
​
https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1041774
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Criminal Ancestors in your Family Tree? Trace Their Fate Through English Courts

25/6/2021

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PictureExtract from the	 'Execution of the notorious William Burke, the murderer who supplied Dr. Knox with subjects.' From a contemporary print.  Wiki Commons
Extract from the 'Execution of the notorious William Burke, the murderer who supplied Dr. Knox with subjects.' From a contemporary print. Wiki Commons
​At 9.00 am on Saturday 17th August 1816, John Greig, a Barber and Publican from Monkwearmouth Shore was hanged outside Durham Courthouse. He was the first person executed at Durham using the ‘new drop’ method, where the condemned entered the afterlife via a trapdoor. He had been found guilty of the ‘wilful murder of Elizabeth Stonehouse’ at the Summer Assizes. His hearing lasted just five hours. To modern standards, five hours seems a ridiculously short duration for a trail of such gravity, but to an early nineteenth-century audience, a five-hour hearing was a long one.
​‘The actual trials were often very quick; in 1833, at the Old Bailey (an Assizes court), it was estimated they averaged 8-9 minutes.’[1]
​Indeed, the press bemoaned the length of John’s trial as there was insufficient time to print details in the following day’s newspaper.  Hence, details of the court proceedings do not appear until the following Saturday, 24th August, together with the details of his execution.
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Extract from Raine's Eye Map of 1795. Reproduced courtesy of Sunderland Antiquarian Society, who have copies of this fabulous (& huge) map for sale. The Ferry Boat Landing is in the centre near the top. Wear Street was to its left.
​For me, the case is particularly interesting, not least as John Greig is a direct ancestor – a 4th great grandfather on my paternal, maternal line – but also for the fascinating glimpse into history it provides. The two families lived near the Ferry Boat Landing at Monkwearmouth Shore. Further research has found evidence of Bet’s husband, Samuel Stonehouse owning a freehold house in Wear Street. This would make perfect sense. Presumably, John Greig and his family lived close by, possibly in a public house, but to date, I have been unable to determine which one.
​Evidence of the case suggests that Elizabeth (Bet) Stonehouse had subjected John, his servants and his family to a barrage of taunts and jibs over a prolonged period. She was accusing him of an affair with a female servant and of fathering a child with one of his wife’s sisters. It became too much to bear when Elizabeth began accosting his young children on their way to school. John took matters into his own hands and on the night of 4th April, he put a pistol in his breast pocket and paid Bet a visit. The newspaper's account of the trail would suggest he tried to reason with her before pulling out his gun.
Amongst others, the account contains the statement of Bet’s son-in-law Matthew Briggs. Matthew states he spoke to John the following morning before his arrest and asked ‘How did you come to do this …?’.  John is said to have replied, ‘She deserved it’.  Three words that undoubtedly served to seal his fate. 
​It is perhaps worth noting that Bet was still very much alive at this time.  After the shooting, John had run out of the building with Bet was in hot pursuit. 
The doctor attended her at the home of Matthew Briggs shortly after the incident.  As well as treating her wound, he observed a ‘large mass of disease’.  Bet died on the 22nd of April 1816, some 18 days after the shooting occurred.  Nevertheless, the cause of death recorded is as a result of the gunshot. This accounts for the two separate charges recorded against John in the Calendar of Prisoners for August 1816. The first for shooting and maiming, the second for her murder.
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Extract from the Kalendar of Prisoners whose cases were to be heard at the Durham Assizes in the Summer of 1816
A copy of the Calendar in full can be viewed online at Harvard Library Curiosity Collection
​It is not clear whether there was any truth in Bet’s accusations, but to date, I have found no evidence to substantiate her claims. Bet, who was born Elizabeth Parkin in 1768 does not appear to have had an easy life. Records suggest that her father Charles Parkin may have died when she was young. Aged 21, she married Samuel Stonehouse at Bishopwearmouth in January 1789. Samuel was a mariner who would spend much time at sea - he was reported to have been at sea at the time of the shooting. The couple had eight children born between the years 1789 – 1805, but only 4 survived beyond childhood. Suffering this type of loss, at times without the support of her husband must have been difficult for her. Even so, it still does not explain her accusations and why she appears to have targeted John Greig. As for John, he appears to have remained unrepentant of his actions but accepted the justice of his punishment. I suspect there is still more to this case than meets the eye.
​Where to start looking for records of criminal ancestors depends on the period and gravity of the crime they committed. The more serious the crime the ‘higher’ the court.

Hierarchy of The Historic English Courts

​There was a hierarchy of courts dealing with crime and criminals outside of London at county, regional and national level. The judicial system and type of cases they each heard has evolved through the centuries. Until circa 1500, an annually elected Sheriff was responsible for dealing with crime and criminals at county level. Coroners who investigated sudden and violent deaths assisted him. They reported suspected murders to the Sheriff, who dealt with them through his Court. After this period the Sheriff's court dealt with civil cases only. Even so, the Sheriffs and Coroners could still ‘outlaw’ accused individuals who failed to appear at trial in a higher court. In the early modern period, Church Courts and Manor Courts also played a leading role in the trials of petty misdemeanours. These courts heard the majority of petty cases until the Restoration.
​The most important officers of the County judicial system were the Justices of the Peace. Drawn from the County’s landed gentry there would be several in office at any one time. Acting on their own or in pairs their ‘powers’ were far-reaching. Nowhere more so than acting as ‘judges’ over the Quarter Session Courts. Assisted by grand and petty juries, they could try more serious criminal cases. They could also determine the punishments for those convicted. Above the Quarter Session Courts were the regional Assize Courts who were answerable to the Privy Council.  Local criminal cases could also be transferred to the Court of the King's Bench in London if required.
​The various regional courts outline above heard civil as criminal cases. They also dealt with many aspects of local administration. Below is a brief description of the courts in operation in the early nineteenth century and the types of criminal cases they heard.

Petty Sessions Court

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Bow Street Magistrates' Court in London: This engraving was published as Plate 11 of Microcosm of London (1808) Wiki Commons
​These are what we know today as the Magistrates Court. Formed in the 18th century from Quarter Sessions they heard more minor cases, such as poaching, drunkenness and vagrancy. It was a court of ‘summary jurisdiction’ whereby the Justices of the Peace could decide on a sentence without the intervention of a jury. Their records are usually held by the local Records Offices. (NB. From the 19th century onwards the Petty Sessions also heard cases of illegitimacy. These cases are sometimes recorded in separate ‘Bastardy Order Books’.)

Quarter Sessions Court

​As the name suggests, the Quarter Session courts met four times a year, in January, April, July and October in Counties and Boroughs with the right to try criminal cases. They are normally associated with a county but some boroughs and cities could also hold their own courts by a grant of royal decree or charter. Presided over by the justices of the peace and two juries, they heard more serious criminal cases. The cases heard were not usually for capital offences, but there were exceptions.
‘Before 1842 the line between Assize and Quarter Sessions cases was rather blurred; an Act of that year consigned all capital offences (those that carried the death penalty) and also cases with sentences of life imprisonment, for the first offence, to the Assizes.’[2]
Some boroughs such as Berwick upon Tweed could and did, try crimes attracting the death penalty as their records will testify.  As with those of the Petty Sessions, the Quarter Session records are held in local archive offices.

The Assize Court

​Before 1972, the Assize courts were the highest regional courts in England. Their origins date from the Medieval ‘Eyre’ courts where judges sent in the King’s name from Westminster administered justice in the counties. They were traditionally held twice a year; February/March in the Spring, and July/August in the summer and operated in six ‘circuits’ of contiguous. The exception was London, the permanent home to the Assize court known as the Old Bailey.
​​The Assize Courts typically heard capital cases that carried the death penalty and other cases too serious for trial at the Quarter Sessions. In 1815 there were no less than 215 crimes which (in theory) could attract a penalty of death. Amongst them were:
  • Infanticide (The murder of an illegitimate or ‘deformed’ infant.)
  • Rape
  • Robbery & Theft
  • High Treason
  • Counterfeiting Coin
  • Burglary
  • Arson
​This number, sparked by social, economic and political changes had risen sharply from 50 in 1688. It was the time of what became known as the ‘Bloody Code’. Stealing 5 shillings (about £30) or being out after dark with a blackened face could result in hanging.
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The execution of the idle apprentice at Tyburn. Engraving by T. Cook, 1795, after W. Hogarth, 1747. Wiki Commons
​In 1816 the two assize judges, Sir George Wood, Sir John Bayley their clerks and their retinue arrived in Durham on Saturday 10th August. Sir George Wood presided over the cases ‘for the Crown’, (the criminal cases) and Sir John Bayley dealt with matters of the Civil Court (land disputes etc.). Court proceedings commenced on Monday morning following. As at the Quarter Sessions, the Grand Jury decided which cases to present for trial. They had the power to decide which cases to dismiss, either as there was insufficient evidence or no case to answer. The Grand Jury also heard witness statements and prepared the indictments for cases being be brought before the court. If a case was to be tried, then the Petty Jury or Trial Jury was sworn in to hear it. It was they who would decide the verdict.
‘Each trial started with the clerk reading the charge again, and then the prosecutor presented the case against the defendant, followed by the witnesses, who testified under oath. Witness testimony was the most common source of evidence and Judges frequently intervened to ask questions or comment. The defendant was then asked to state his or her case. They could call witnesses, if they had any, and use a defence lawyer.’[3]
The newspapers record that John Greig made no case himself in his defence but ‘called several witnesses to speak to his character, all of whom spoke highly in his favour.’  That week there were five other individuals sentenced to death. Two for stealing horses, one for stealing 3 heifers, one for killing a sheep and stealing the carcass, and one for stealing £5 in silver coin. All bar John received reprieves, most likely having their sentences transmuted to transportation. (An interesting aside is that Anne Stonehouse also appeared on the Calendar of Prisoners for the same session. Charged with ‘concealing’ the birth of a child, the Grand Jury dismissed her case before it came to trial. Whilst it is not known if any connection existed between the two Stonehouse families, it is a rather ironic twist of fate.)
​The assizes often lasted a week to a fortnight depending on the number of cases to be heard. Like the Quarter Sessions, the Assizes involved a lot of people and were important economic occasions for the host town. Bringing in many people, much business and money they were social highlights of the year. This extract from the Durham Country Advertiser describes the arrival of the judges and their retinue in Newcastle the following week.
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Extract from the Durham Advertiser 24 August 1816. Reproduced courtesy of the British Newspaper Archives
​John Greig’s execution would have marked the culmination of the summer Assizes and associated jollities. Thousands would have gathered in what is now Durham Crown Court Gardens to watch the public spectacle.
​Unlike Petty Session and Quarter Session records, the National Archives holds the Assize records. A table and key to those that have survived are listed here (It should be noted that whilst Chester, Durham and Lancaster had their own assize jurisdictions, their surviving records are also held at Kew.)

Documents Associated with Courts and Criminal Trials

​The judicial system generated various types of records, the most common are briefly outlined below:
  • Order Books – The formal record of Court proceedings including criminal cases the verdict and sentence.
  • Minute Books – rough minutes taken at Court about the proceedings and sometimes the only records that survive. Whilst Minute Books give details of the justices, jury, accused, verdicts, order and recognizances, they do not as rule contain detailed accounts of a trial.
  • Indictments – the formal accusation of the crime with which a person was charged. Additions such as ‘True Bill’ or ‘Billa Vera’ record that there was a case to be heard. ‘No Bill’ records the opposite. Names of witnesses may also be recorded on the back.
  • Recognizances – bonds between the court and witnesses to their appearance at court.
  • Informations / Depositions – sworn witness statements that were given before Justices of the Peace.
  • Examinations – the sworn statement given by the accused.
  • Jury Lists – a list of names of people from whom the jury was chosen. The value of their property determined eligibility. A Grand Jury, such as that which heard John’s case was drawn from the ranks of local gentry and landowners.
Newspapers or other publications are another great source of information relating to a trial. (They are sometimes the only source too). Newspapers often contain an account of the proceedings of the trials themselves. A prime example of publications at work are the 'Proceedings of the Old Bailey 1674 - 1913' which are freely available online.  ​In the case of John Greig, later articles tell of his last night in prison and collections for his widow and family. These say far more than a formal court document or testament ever could.
​[1] Victorian Crime and Punishment, Court Procedures, The Assizes, 
http://vcp.e2bn.org/justice/page11548-court-procedures-assizes.html
[2] Victorian Crime and Punishment, Court Procedures, The Assizes, 
http://vcp.e2bn.org/justice/page11548-court-procedures-assizes.html
[3] Victorian Crime and Punishment, Court Procedures, The Assizes
http://vcp.e2bn.org/justice/page11548-court-procedures-assizes.html

Useful Links & Publications

Online
  • Dr Patrick Lows ‘Last Dying Words’ https://lastdyingwords.com/ 
  • The Murder Act of 1752 stipulated that the bodies of murderers were not to be buried but to be given up for dissection. John Greig’s body after being left for a ‘suitable’ time was thus destined to further medical knowledge.  For those with an inclination to the gruesome there is this website produced by the University of Leicester.  Harnessing the Power of the Criminal Corpse  ​www.criminalcorpses.com/home​
  • The same Act also stipulated that a person found guilty of murder should be executed two days after being sentenced unless the third day was a Sunday, in which case the execution would take place on the following Monday.  In John’s case his execution appears to have taken place the following day?  
  • Sunderland Antiquarians Society for all things Historic Sunderland and environs                                       http://www.sunderland-antiquarians.org/ (Subscription)
  • Old Bailey Online https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/
  • The British Newspapers Archive https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/ (Subscription)
  • Harvard Library Curiosity Collection  
          https://curiosity.lib.harvard.edu/crime-broadsides/catalog/46-990097996630203941
Publications
  • John Briggs, Christopher Harrison, Angus McInnes and David Vincent, Crime and Punishment in England – An Introductory History, Abingdon, 2001. 
  • ​Neil R Storey Prisons & Prisoners in Victorian Britain, Stroud, 2014. (Covering the Victorian Period only)
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Three Top Tips for Success using Autosomal DNA

28/5/2021

1 Comment

 
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Prison Hulks in the River Thames London. By State Library of New South Wales, CC BY-SA 3.0 au, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=42773391
Family history researchers are increasingly turning to autosomal DNA (atDNA) to help extend their ancestral knowledge and it is little wonder as it can be an immensely powerful tool.  But are folks using atDNA testing to maximum effect? I suspect in a great many cases the answer is no.  There are a myriad of reasons why this is the case but it is not my intention to cover them here. Rather, I shall be keeping this post simple by looking only at matches in Ancestry.com and focusing on three basic principles that can greatly enhance your chances of success. 
​I cannot emphasise these three points enough:
  1. Test as many relevant family members (near and far) as possible
  2. Work out how mutual matches match each other, not just the tester
  3. Build out your tree in every direction, forwards, backwards and side to side

Test as Many Family Members as Possible

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Memorial Inscriptions in Cornhill Churchyard:  These inscriptions were noted in 1918 and by the time these photographs were taken in 1986 much of the writing had already been lost.  Today they are barely legible.  'Here Lyeth the body of George Smith who died 8 October 1690.  Here rests also the body of his wife Elizabeth who died 2 July 1701' (Stone left and Centre) and 'Here lyeth the body of Robert Smith Portioner in Hornclove who died 22 January 1751 aged 90.  Also Margaret his wife who died 27 April 1742 aged 60' (Stone to the right.)
Testing relatives acts like signposts or way markers, giving us fixed points from which to start navigating the way through our DNA matches, from known points of shared ancestry towards the unknown.  But before dashing off to purchase tests for every aunt, uncle, cousin etc., it is helpful to remember three basic principles to ensure the tests being purchased are relevant to your quest.  
  • First and foremost, it is important to remember we inherit 50% of our DNA from each parent
  • Secondly, it is a well-known fact that due to the way atDNA is inherited and lost with each passing generation, testing the oldest generation available, in other words the closest to the ancestral source or generation in which the question is being posed, will provide the largest amounts of relevant​ DNA.   
  • Thirdly, and possibly most importantly, it is also a fact that it is impossible to inherit DNA that has not been passed to us by our parents!  
​It is also important to recognise which relatives are relevant to test for a particular research scenario.  For the remainder of this post I shall be using my tree, my DNA matches, and the DNA matches of my relatives who have also tested using an example of a specific paternal line hypothesis which came to light as result of this broader testing policy.  It reveals connections to renowned Australian convict Ralph Hush, previously hidden from view due to a smokescreen of ‘selective’ genealogy that without atDNA may have remained undiscovered.  

I hope it will also illustrate what can be achieved from what essentially started out as set of dismal results.  After many years, I still have only 149 matches in the Ancestry database with whom I share 20 cMs of DNA or more.  My brother on the other hand has a slightly more respectable 229, that is 80 more individuals for whom Ancestry will currently display mutual matches.  
​Although I have one or two sticking points in my tree, I have no specific ancestor mysteries to solve therefore my interests lie in uncovering all aspects of my ancestral past; but who do I have available to test?
  • None of my grandparents are living or had their DNA tested before they died.
  • My father, who was an only child, died some years ago before I could test his DNA.
  • My mother is alive and has tested her DNA as has one of her two living siblings.  The other sibling is her identical twin.  There are three children from another sibling who has died.
  • I have one brother who has also tested his DNA.

Scenario One – Maternal Line Ancestral Investigations

​My mother is very much still with us and has tested her DNA.  Should I wish to investigate any generation of my maternal line my brother’s DNA will be of no additional benefit.  Some of the maternal DNA my brother and I share will overlap and some will be different.  Nonetheless, neither he nor myself will have inherited any DNA that our Mother does not carry herself.  Nor will our combined DNA reflect the total genetic information carried by our mother. Approximately 25% will inevitably been lost during the recombination process as we were created.   
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My Mother on the right of the photo, with her twin sister on left. The other living sister is in the middle!
​Her identical twin will share exactly the same DNA as my mother and therefore will add no new genetic information to the investigation either.  Nor will her children, (my first cousins), as the only DNA relevant to the investigation will have been inherited from their mother who is genetically identical to mine.  For this reason these cousins will share nearer 25% of their DNA with myself and my brother rather than 12.5% making them genetically half siblings rather than first cousins.  My mother’s other living sibling, however, is definitely one to test, as although some of the DNA she has inherited from her parents will be the same as that carried by the twins, some of it will also differ. 
​On the same basis, the DNA of all three children of Mum’s deceased sibling will be relevant as they will carry portions of their mother’s genetic information which, as above, will have significant elements of overlap but crucially also elements that have not been inherited either by Mother or her other siblings. 

Scenario Two – Paternal Line Ancestral Investigations

As my father is deceased, my brother’s DNA will be extremely useful if not vital to any investigation of my paternal ancestry.  Although we match on roughly 45 – 52% of our total DNA (both maternal and paternal), the remainder is different.  Even so, we are likely still to only reach around 75% of the DNA my father once carried himself.
As my father had no siblings and his only first cousin available to test is unwilling to do so,  the testing net has been cast wider to encompass his Aynsley-Smith second cousins, three of whom to date have been wonderfully helpful in this regard.   Sisters Cathy and Vivie, and their first cousin Dick.  Each shares a varying amount of DNA with both my brother and myself. 
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​According to the Shared Centimorgan Project I share below the average (122 cMs) for a second cousin once removed (2c1r) relationship with all three and my brother Jeremy shares above.  In fact, the whopping 250 cMs he shares with Dick is above the average (229 cMs) for a straight second cousin relationship, and this has paid real dividends.

​(It should be noted that the children of my father’s 1st cousin, (my own 2nd cousins) could also be tested but although they are a closer relationship to me, they are genetically further from the ancestral DNA, and in this particular case not as relevant to the investigation.)
​In terms of my paternal line research, testing to date has provided the following DNA signposts:
​My brother and I represent the DNA from ALL our father’s ancestral lines and thus could theoretically match with descendants of any of his blood relatives at any point in history.  ​The DNA we share with our 2c1r Aynsley-Smith cousins, however, immediately catapults us genetically back to our 2nd great grandparents on our direct paternal Smith line.  This is where the respective ancestral pathways between the 2c1r cousins merges with John Smith (1813 – 1881) and his wife Hannah Aynsley (1837 – 1922).  In the absence of any closer relationship, the DNA my brother and I share with our Aynsley-Smith cousins MUST have been inherited through this couple.  It therefore represents the DNA inherited from their own respective ancestors.  
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​Interestingly,  when our 4th cousin Jane (a 3rd cousin 1 removed to Cathy Vivie and Dick) on the same Smith line is added to the mix, the picture changes somewhat and I become the highest match of the five.  Cathy shares no DNA with Jane at all, such is the fickle nature of atDNA!
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Matching Mutual Matches to each other 

​Before my brother and Dick tested their DNA with Ancestry, my paternal line research through DNA matching had stalled.  I have only one mutual match with Cathy and Vivie which we believe from mutual matches of the mutual match, may relate to ancestors of Hannah Aynsley although we have yet to place them in the family tree. 
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NB. Names have been changed to preserve anonymity.
​Dick and my brother Jeremy on the other hand have eight mutual matches at 20 cMs or more.  With most also matching each other at the 20 cMs or more required to show as a mutual match in Ancestry, it was looking as if it may be possible to establish the respective pathways to a mutual common ancestor or ancestors.  
An interesting observation is that Jeremy shares more DNA with the mutual matches than Dick, despite potentially being a generation further removed from the 'source'.  Another illustration of the vagaries and pitfalls of using the size of DNA matches to predict more distant relationships. 
​Step One in the matching process was not to try and establish how these individuals matched my brother and/or Dick, but to try and establish some commonality as to how the matches were related to each other.   The main reason for this is that the way in which matches match each other will generally be the way in which they link to the tester, or where the link to the tester springs from.  This approach is particularly helpful if the relation that connects matches to your mutual ancestors is not yet in your family tree.  
​Some of Dick and Jeremy’s matches already had small family trees but some invariably had none. As with any aspect of DNA matching it will be necessary to do some legwork, particularly reconstructing matches’ trees and spotting errors in those that already exist; how much work depends on the quality of information you have to work with.   It varies every time!
​Conrad, who had a reasonable tree of 98 individuals was the first port of call.  His research very quickly suggested he may share great grandparents or 2nd great grandparents with Mark (who has no tree) in Joseph Hibberson (1812 – 1890) and Mary Ann McCarthy (1831 – 1903) making Conrad and Mark 2nd to 3rd cousins with each other.  This was a positive start as the relationship is not too close and date wise, it is also a similar generation to the point at which Dick and Jeremy’s pedigrees collide with John Smith and Hannah Aynsley.  Mary Ann McCarthy’s mother was recorded as Phillis Hush, and she in turn was the daughter of Ralph Hush (1784 – 1860) and Margaret Robinson (1784 – 1862).  Whilst the name did not appear in my family tree, the surname Hush was ‘ringing bells’. 
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​Bypassing the matches with no trees at all for now, Nancy had a small tree with 7 people from which it was possible to quickly build her pedigree back through her grandmother Margaret Dunlop Hush to a William Hush baptised at Spital in 1778, the same day as his sister Elizabeth Hush.  The parents of these two plus an unnamed child in 1779 together with a Margaret Hush baptised at Spittal Presbyterian Chapel in 1781 were Ralph Hush senior and his wife Sarah Taylor, of ‘Long Reach’ (Longridge) whose name DOES appear in my tree.  From the fact that Mark, Conrad and Nancy all matched each other it was beginning to look likely that this couple were also the parents of Ralph Hush junior, the father of Phillis above.   A further DNA match, ‘Jim’, at 19 cMs to my brother whose line traced back to William Hush 1778 was another mutual match to them all which would further evidence this hypothesis.  
​From my initial investigations to date it appears that the relationships between these four are broadly as follows:
Mark & Conrad                 2 or 3rd cousins to each other
                                            6th cousin to Nancy
                                            6th cousin to Jim
Nancy                                 4th cousin to Jim
Dick & Jeremy                   6th cousin once or twice removed to Conrad, Mark, Nancy and Jim
​Elsewhere, Leonard and Anne appear to be first cousins to each other and their paths converge with ‘Ernie’ who is another match of 22 cMs to my brother (but who does not match Dick) at a James Bell (1817 – 1887) and Christian Hastie (1821 – 1880).  As well as Leonard and Anne, Ernie is also a mutual match to Conrad, Mark, Nancy and Elaine, but the potential upward link to John Smith d. 1742 and Elizabeth his wife has not yet been identified. 
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​Distant relationships such as these have a great many ‘steps’ between individuals to establish the common connection or mutual ancestor.  This example illustrates just how essential it is to have a family tree that is as broad as it is deep when looking to prove relationships that are hidden way back in the past.

Build Out Your Tree in Every Direction

​As a family we are extremely fortunate in this regard as we have been left a legacy of family memorabilia and generations of extensive research.  However, it is still not complete, as I don’t believe any family history ever truly is! There are always more relations to unearth and more information to discover.  This branch of our family tree was no exception.
​Sarah Taylor who appears in my tree was born circa 1757 and is recorded as the daughter of James Taylor and Elizabeth Smith.  Elizabeth Smith was the daughter of John Smith of ‘Horncliff Mill’ who was buried at Cornhill on 22 April 1742.  It is believed the Christian name of John’s wife was Elizabeth but to date there is no hard evidence to back this up.  It is, however, thought most unlikely to have been an Elizabeth Davidson widely reported online, who married a John Smith at Norham in 1694.  A Bible, which was printed in 1615, is still in the family’s possession and the first entry for the birth of a child is George smith in 1722.  I hardly think the couple would have had their first child after 28 years of marriage!  Plus, if Elizabeth was ‘say’ 20 at the time of her marriage, she would have been aged 48 at the time of the birth of her first child! I rather think that the union identified either belongs to either a first marriage, an earlier generation, or a different family altogether as Smith is hardly an unusual name!
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Top of Smith line in the tree. Nicholas b.1725 remains a mystery. He wrote his name in the family Bible and then vanishes - thus far without a trace. Perhaps DNA will bring him out of the shadows.
​In my tree next to Elizabeth Smith’s entry there is a note, ‘see ‘Taylor’ in Sarah Nicholson’s letters’.  Sarah Nicholson (1843 – 1932) was an avid correspondent on all things family history and exchanged at least 32 letters with George Aynsley-Smith between 1909 and 20 December 1931, less than a month before her death on 13th January 1932.   The Taylor family are mentioned in several of the letters.  The first is dated 16th July 1912 in which Sarah wrote:
There is a Miss Dodds, elderly, come to live with Mrs Lyle.  She came from Bowsden and told Jane [Sarah’s sister] one evening that her grandmother was a cousin (1st cousin) of your grandfather Smith, so I went and saw her.  She says her grandmother was a Taylor and they lived in Horncliffe as her grandfather Taylor fell down the bank and was lame ever after.  There were 5 sisters Taylor: her grandmother married a Lyle , one married a Sanderson, a weaver at Norham, one a Bolton, one a Roxburgh Loaned and one a name I cannot spell – Falstone – all buried at Norham.  Her mother’s family used to go to Spittal Church, so some of their registers will be there…
​In her next letter of 9th August 1912, she follows up with the following account:
Leonard Taylor
James Taylor, butcher, Eyemouth
 
*****
Marjorie Taylor m. George Sanderson, weaver Norham
*****
Ann Taylor m. Hoffman, a soldier at Berwick. [of whom I have written before in Tennis & a Teapot]
*****
Sarah Taylor m. John Huish.  He died from burns received at Kimmerston Hall when it was burned down.  Sarah died at Berry Hill. [Sarah’s husband was actually called Ralph, not John, and she died at Harperidge, (Donaldsons Lodge) the home of her daughter Sarah rather than Berry Hill (Ford & Etal)]
*****
Elizabeth Taylor m. Bolton, Horncliffe and her daughter married a Turner, Horncliffe
*****
Margaret Taylor m. William Lyle, Felkington.  Her daughter m. Peter Dodds and her granddaughter is now in Horncliffe.
​
It would seem there is some confusion surrounding Sarah Taylor and her spouse, and knowing what I now know, I suspect Ms Nicholson, or her informant was trying their best at a cover up by laying a bit of a smokescreen.  The fact of the matter is that Ralph Hush junior, son of Sarah Taylor and Ralph Hush senior was a convicted felon, who narrowly escaped the hangman’s noose, when his sentence of death for stealing sheep was commuted to transportation for life.  The case has been written about extensively, much of which can be found online not least in the Australian convict records (which includes some rather spurious information) but also on his own Wiki page! 
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John Smith owns this book, God give him grace on it to look, And if this book do chance to find, This write will show that it is min, And if he be onest man, He will restore to me again, And I will thank him for his paines, As long as life in me remains, 1690, John Smith with my hand this day at Cornhill April the first. (Transcribed from Family Bible by George Aynsley Smith in 1915)
​One of these fine days it would be nice to read about some positive antics of ancestral relatives, but in the meantime I will happily take the odd criminal or two, or three as they add a considerable amount of ‘colour’. There is much more digging to do in this tranche of DNA, as I am only just scratching the surface in the Ancestry database, let alone matches elsewhere.  It is incredible to think that a second cousin four times removed, who lived so long ago may hold the key to unlocking earlier generations of the Smith family for whom we currently hold just pieces of a much bigger jigsaw.  It also shows that no matter how dismal your DNA matches, stick at it, test more family members, build out your tree and work out how those mutual matches are related to each other.  It will pay dividends in the end!  

Useful Links

For those of you interested in learning more about using DNA for historical research, here are a few links to webinars and instructional videos by my great friend and colleague Michelle Leonard who is renowned the world over as leader in the field of genetic genealogy and as a bit of a 'genes genuis': 

How Testing Multiple Relatives Can Turbocharge Your DNA Research - Legacy Family Tree
(Free until 2 June 2021).  This webinar explains the relevance of testing multiple relatives in more depth, plus a whole lot more!  
If you don't already subscribe to Legacy Family Tree, access to their HUGE library of top quality webinars past and present comes highly recommended and can be purchased for only $49 per annum.   Michelle has no less 22 webinar tutorials amongst in excess of 1500 available in the Legacy Family Tree library.   10% discount available if you subscribe before 1 June 2021 - use code 'turbo'.  

#TwiceRemoved Investigates DNA
Natalie Pithers of Twice Removed interviews expert genetic genealogist Michelle Leonard, who shares her amazing DNA discoveries and family history stories. From identifying the bodies of WWI soldiers to personal feelings on a grandmother that died tragically you, Michelle’s stories give a fresh perspective on using DNA for family history.

Making the Most of your Autosomal DNA Test - Family Tree Live 2019, Alexandra Palace
Michelle Leonard’s talk gives an overview of how autosomal DNA testing can help you solve mysteries in – and confirm the accuracy of – your family tree.

DNA is Dynamite - How to Ignite your Ancestral Research (Michelle Leonard) - Genetic Genealogy Ireland.This is a talk for beginners giving an overview of the basic information required to understand the three main types of DNA testing available for ancestral research. Michelle will explain how each test works and talk you through the first steps you should take once your results arrive.

There are also links to a couple of events where you can catch Michelle live in the June newsletter - if interested either contact me or subscribe to the newsletter to keep up to speed with forth coming events. 
​
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A Session with Scottish Kirk Sessions

23/4/2021

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Kirk Session Records 
What are they and what information do they contain?

In March 2021, a valuable set of records was made newly available to search online by the National Records of Scotland, (NRS), through the Virtual Volumes section of the Scotland’s People website.  They are referred to collectively as the ‘Kirk Sessions’ but more correctly form part of the ‘Records of Church of Scotland synods, presbyteries and kirk sessions’ found under reference CH2/ in the catalogues of the NRS and other local archives.  The CH2 series extends to some 25,000 volumes and 5 million pages of information, of which it is thought ‘a million pages from 6,000 volumes’ are now available online. 
Picture Painting 'The Ordination of Elders in a Scottish Kirk' by John Henry Lorimer. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
'The Ordination of Elders in a Scottish Kirk' by John Henry Lorimer. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

What are Kirk Sessions?

​A kirk session is the lowest court in the Church of Scotland, comprising the minister and elders of an individual parish or congregation. In the course of kirk session business, these courts—and in particular the elder appointed to the office of session clerk—produced records documenting their meetings, decisions and transactions.[1]
​Historically the church courts formed a four-tier hierarchy; the Kirk Session at congregation or parish level,  grouped into local areas or Presbyteries which in term formed part of a regional Synod (abolished in the 1990s).  The most senior Church Court of all is the General Assembly.  Dating from the Scottish Reformation in 1560, when the Protestant Church broke from Rome, the Church of Scotland was at the heart of Scottish parish life until the late 19th century.  The Church was not only responsible for the pastoral and moral wellbeing of its parishioners but also for certain aspects of civil administration too.  As such, the Kirk Sessions and associated records form an immensely important source of historical information for historians as well as genealogists.  
​The records associated with the Kirk Session and its business have been made available through a section of Scotland’s People website called Virtual Volumes which also contains a comprehensive guide on how to use the site and search for records effectively.
In Virtual Volumes you can view digital copies of historical records in the care of National Records of Scotland that are not indexed by personal name. Records currently available are mainly those of kirk sessions and other church courts.[2]
​Whilst the images have been digitised and are free to view, it is not possible to search by name or keyword, so it requires a bit more time to physically read through the pages.  Should you wish to download an image, the cost is only 2 credits, or .50p.  
Initially I thought it would be fun to compile an A-Z of all the types of information the records contain, but the notion was quickly dismissed as there is enough material to fill a book, and a large one at that, let alone a blog!  Instead, this month's offering is designed to act as a signpost with a few examples of information the records may contain that I myself have encountered along the way.  (It should be noted that Kirk Sessions were not limited to the Established Church of Scotland but were also held by the various other Presbyterian Secession Churches, although with a limited civil administrative function.)

What Information do Kirk Session Records Contain?

As the records of baptisms, marriages and burials in many parishes are interspersed amongst other parish business recorded in the Session Minutes, many of you will have already made a foray into the Kirk Session records very possibly without being aware you have done so.  One particular Border parish that immediately springs to mind is Gordon, where this is the case for periods of the seventeenth century.  Ironically a century later in the Statistical Account of 1793, the same parish also received a slating for the standard of record keeping in its parish registers .[3]
Picture Extract from The First Statistical Accounts, Parish of Gordon, Berwickshire, Old Statistical Accounts, Vol. V, 1793
Extract from The First Statistical Accounts, Parish of Gordon, Berwickshire, Old Statistical Accounts, Vol. V, 1793
​Like the parish registers themselves, the material and level of detail that can be found in the Kirk Session records varies from parish to parish.  Nor are the records complete, there are inevitably some parishes where little, or no information has survived at all.  Where they have survived, however, the records of the Kirk Sessions can be a veritable goldmine of information. 
The Session Minutes, which are a record of the session as a church court, form the greater part of the archives which have been made available online.  As the church was responsible for the moral well-being of its congregation, it is here that rebukes and fines for Irregular Marriages, although perfectly legal, may commonly be found.  For example, this record for the marriage of John Lamb and Helen Cockburn in January 1818 does not appear in the parish registers nor in ‘Vol II of the Irregular Marriages … 1808 – 1864’.
Picture Extract from Sprouston Kirk Session Minutes 1818. Reproduced courtesy of the National Records of Scotland: Scotland’s People, Scotland kirk session, Minutes (1817 – 1873), CH2/334/7, 1818, p.3
Reproduced courtesy of the National Records of Scotland: Scotland’s People, Scotland kirk session, Minutes (1817 – 1873), CH2/334/7, 1818, p.3
Alongside these, numerous inquiries into illegitimacy and children born in ‘uncleanness’ or through pre-marital 'relations' can also be found together with associated rebukes and ‘punishments’ for the offenders.   Here is the same couple receiving a slap on the wrist after the baptism of the first child Isabel on 26th July 1818, born on the 30th June.  Clearly the Minister and Elders could count!
Picture Extract from Sprouston Kirk Session Minutes re John Lamb and Helen Cockburn 1818 Reproduced courtesy of the National Records of Scotland: Scotland’s People, Scotland kirk session, Minutes (1817 – 1873), CH2/334/7, 1818, p.4
Reproduced courtesy of the National Records of Scotland: Scotland’s People, Scotland kirk session, Minutes (1817 – 1873), CH2/334/7, 1818, p.4
​In another record relating to illegitimacy, the details of where the ‘unclean’ act, or 'crime', took place may seem unnecessarily precise, but in fact it was this very detail that would determine which parish would have jurisdiction over the case.  Any subsequent financial assistance the mother and child may have required would have been the liability of her place of settlement. 
Picture Extract from Sprouston Kirk Session Minutes re Margaret Henderson's illegitimate son Reproduced courtesy of the National Records of Scotland: Scotland's People, Sprouston kirk session, Minutes (1817-1873), Accounts (1816-1857), CH2/334/7
Reproduced courtesy of the National Records of Scotland: Scotland's People, Sprouston kirk session, Minutes (1817-1873), Accounts (1816-1857), CH2/334/7
Nor was it just women who bore the brunt of the Church’s displeasure.  In 1657 John Waite was summoned to appear before the Session and having been found guilty of getting to know Helen Storie rather too well, was sentenced to be ‘pilloried’ the following sabbath to be publicly ridiculed by his peers.​
Picture Extract from Gordon Registers re John Waite Pilloried in 1657 Reproduced courtesy of National Records of Scotland: 28 December 1657, Scotland’s People, OPR Births, Gordon [Kirk Session Minutes] 742/10/42.
Reproduced courtesy of National Records of Scotland: 28 December 1657, Scotland’s People, OPR Births, Gordon [Kirk Session Minutes] 742/10/42.
​December 28 Colected 11s 10d given to Patricke Johstonne
Compeared John Waite & Confest his sinne of fornicacion with hellen
storie, appoint[is] him to enter the piller the next sabboth
Picture Extract from Gordon register John Waite in the Piller 1657 Reproduced courtesy of National Records of Scotland: 28 December 1657, Scotland’s People, OPR Births, Gordon [Kirk Session Minutes] 742/10/42.
Reproduced courtesy of National Records of Scotland: 28 December 1657, Scotland’s People, OPR Births, Gordon [Kirk Session Minutes] 742/10/42.
​Januarie 4th Colecit 13s geven to Henry Fairbairne
John Waite entered the piller.  apoynt[is] to sow[mon]d Culdbert Bradie
Picture Extract from Gordon registers - John Waite released from the piller 1657 Reproduced courtesy of National Records of Scotland: 28 December 1657, Scotland’s People, OPR Births, Gordon [Kirk Session Minutes] 742/10/42.
Reproduced courtesy of National Records of Scotland: 28 December 1657, Scotland’s People, OPR Births, Gordon [Kirk Session Minutes] 742/10/42.
Feburarie 1:  Colected 16s 4d put into the boxe  John waite
​receaved from the piller haveing obeyed the order of the Church
​Some of the examples I have used, such as the above, have been taken from the ‘registers’ prior to the Virtual Volumes coming online, but are nonetheless records of the Kirk Session. It is not uncommon to find Session business and vital records appearing in chronological order in the same book.  Others have been taken from the Parish of Sprouston, during or just after the Ministry of Ninian Trotter (a 3rd great granduncle) which ran from 1809 until his death during the cholera epidemic in 1832. (Minutes were noted to be absent for period 1830 – 1833.)
​Other ‘offences’ which were frequently brought before the Kirk Session were, ‘dirty’ dancing, drunkenness, blood affrays, slander, non-observance of days of fast days, and as was the case of this party of people below, failure to observe the Sabbath.
​November 30th …
Compeered Alex[ande]r grieve and Elsepth ormsonne Alison purvis Isable
bird and Christian Richison and did acknowledge their breach of sabboth
& professed sorrow  Session appoints them to Compear the next saboth before
the Congregacion and th[e]r[e] to acknowledge th[ei]r faith.
December 3 Coleced 14s put into the boxe This day Alex[ande]r greave
and Elspeth Ormston Alison purves Issoble birde and Christian Richison Comper
ed before the Congregacion and did acknowledge their breach of Sabbath[4]
​Other records created by the administration overseen by the Kirk Session can help to place people on specific dates and track their movements from parish to parish. ‘Certificates of Transference’ issued from a previous parish of residence granted admittance to the congregation of a new abode and can be particularly helpful in rural areas where a great many folk regularly moved for employment.  Whilst few actual certificates survive, references to them having been received and the subsequent list of names of folk moving into a parish can provide vital evidence of a family’s movements. Sprouston Parish has a good run of transference lists between 1812-1845 and 1836-1876 providing useful source of pre and inter-census information.
Picture Extract from Kirk Session Minutes 1815/16 listing people moving into the parish Certificates Received 1815/16. Reproduced courtesy of National Records of Scotland: Scotland’s People, Sprouston kirk session, Certificates of transference (1812 – 1845) CH2/334/13.
Certificates Received 1815/16. Reproduced courtesy of National Records of Scotland: Scotland’s People, Sprouston kirk session, Certificates of transference (1812 – 1845) CH2/334/13.
​Whilst the reference to certificates issued by Sprouston in 1815/16 may not give the onward destination, the certificates received state the parish from whence they came, thus providing hints as to where to look for other information.  The records sometimes also helpfully give an indication as to marital state.
Picture  Extract from Sprouston Kirk Session Minutes showing the folk who left the parish in 1816 Certificates Granted 1816. Reproduced courtesy of National Records of Scotland: Scotland’s People, Sprouston kirk session, Certificates of transference (1812 – 1845) CH2/334/13.
Certificates Granted 1816. Reproduced courtesy of National Records of Scotland: Scotland’s People, Sprouston kirk session, Certificates of transference (1812 – 1845) CH2/334/13.
​Other documents that may be found within the Session records include Heads of Households which list the male heads of households who had taken communion, and the Young Communicants Rolls give the date that young people received communion for the first time.  These can be useful resources to help pinpoint people in the period before the introduction of the census and where death and burial records are scant to prove potential relatives, or their offspring were still living.  This extract from list of young communicants shows sisters Agnes and Marion Trotter two of the daughters of James Trotter and his cousin Margaret Trotter of Abercorn, Linlithgow, and nieces of the Rev Ninian Trotter, receiving their first communion in July 1835.[1]  (Agnes, who was the only child of six to marry, would later be wife to George Cargey.)
Picture A list of some young communicants at Sprouston Parish in 1835. Young Communicants at Sprouston 1835.  Reproduced courtesy of National Records of Scotland: Scotland’s People, Sprouston kirk session, Communion Rolls (1835 – 1844) CH2/334/13.
Young Communicants at Sprouston 1835. Reproduced courtesy of National Records of Scotland: Scotland’s People, Sprouston kirk session, Communion Rolls (1835 – 1844) CH2/334/13.
​The Church was also responsible for the administration, collection and distribution of poor relief.  The extract below, which is again taken from the Gordon combined parish/session records, sheds some light on the incapacity of Isabel Hope and her father to support themselves in 1709.     
The session considering the distrest circumstances of Isoble
Hope daughter to James Hope in West Gordon in regard she
is keept bedfast through the desease of an universale Cruell
and that the said James her father is so far from being able
to keep her being a very old infirm man that he rather
needs supply himself appoints that two sabbath days collections
be put in to the box and the third shall be given to her and
because of her present need she is to get the Collection
Sabath nixt for her first.  Given to the bedall for his house
maile [house rent] five lbs Scots.  To James Darie one pound Scots
To a poor Stranger two shillings Scots.  The Sed[erun]t closed w[i]t[h] prayer.[5]
​This record also touches on the expenses of parish officials also borne by the Church, with £5 Scots paid to the Beadle, (who as an assistant to the Minister may also have been gravedigger and bell ringer) towards the rent of his house.  Although more commonly found with the accounts, the Church also often ran the school and employed the schoolmaster.  Amongst the other oddities found in the accounts are rental incomes from family seats or pews, church maintenance costs and expenditure on mort cloths etc.  A more unusual record relates to the ‘Stent’ which was an assessment or valuation based on land holding to calculate liability towards contributions to the poor relief fund.  These are nonetheless useful in assessing an ancestor’s status within a community.[6]  Below is an extract taken from the Stent Roll for Gordon in 1692/3 which is headed:
Picture Extract from Stent Roll 1692/93 showing tenants of Gordon.  Reproduced courtesy of National Records of Scotland: Scotland’s People, Gordon kirk session, Minutes (1682-1708) CH2/457/1.
Extract from Stent Roll 1692/93 Gordon. Reproduced courtesy of National Records of Scotland: Scotland’s People, Gordon kirk session, Minutes (1682-1708) CH2/457/1.
​… List of Tennents greater and lesser
And of cottars greater and Lesser w[i]t[h]in the
paroch of Gordon stented for the meatinance
of the poor in the paroch as follows for the
quarter betwixt hallowmis 92 to Candlemas 93
[1st November to 2nd February]
The Session minutes also sometimes documented ‘extraordinary’ events such as war, or acted as a social and  economic commentators by recording the weather and notes on the harvest.  Thinking in terms of an A-Z once more another 'crime' beginning with ‘w’ to come before the session was the accusation of Witchcraft, such as this from the Gordon Minutes of 1660.  In this case the accusation was clearly found wanting and the accuser, William Steill, found himself punished and fined instead.
Picture  The accusation of Margaret Leech as a witch in 1660 at Gordon
Accusation of Witchcraft, 1660, Gordon. Reproduced courtesy of National Records of Scotland: Scotland’s People, 1660, Gordon kirk session, Minutes (transcription) (1652-1718), CH2/457/9.
​There are many, many more examples of historical gems that grace the pages of Session Minutes and other associated records, not least the election or deposing of the Church Elders themselves.  The best way to get a feel for the type of information the records contain is to select a parish for which a good selection of documents have survived, choose a period and just dive in!  

Citations & Links

[1] Scotland’s People, Record Guides, Kirk Session Records,
​ https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/record-guides/kirk-session-records#Introduction
[2] Scotland's People, Virtual Volumes ​
https://www.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/content/using-virtual-volumeswww.scotlandspeople.gov.uk/content/using-virtual-volumes
[3] The First Statistical Accounts, Parish of Gordon, Berwickshire, Old Statistical Accounts, Vol. V, 1793  https://stataccscot.edina.ac.uk/static/statacc/dist/viewer/osa-vol5-Parish_record_for_Gordon_in_the_county_of_Berwick_in_volume_5_of_account_1/
[4] 30 November 1657, Scotland’s People, OPR Births, Gordon [Kirk Session Minutes] 742/10/42.
[5] 17 February 1709, Scotland’s People, (OPR Births, 744/20/82 Gordon); Sederunt
As a vernacular noun: The members, collectively, present at a particular sitting of a court, or the sitting of a court. Dictionary of Scots Language, https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/sederunt
[6] Stent - An assessment of the annual value of property, esp. land, as a basis for calculating liability for taxation; hence the amount so fixed, a tax or the money paid in taxes. DSL
​ 
https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/stent_n_1,2. ​
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Asna’s Story Part II - From Riga to Cheetham Hill Road

26/3/2021

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In January, my 2nd cousin Cathy Aynsley-Smith delighted us with a few poignant extracts from her Mother, Asna Freedman’s Memoirs.  The extracts were reminiscences of her early life in Manchester and the events that shaped her as a young woman and wife of non-Jewish husband ‘Dick’ Aynsley-Smith.  This month Cathy continues the story by looking back at Asna’s ancestors who emigrated from Latvia and their lives in eastern Europe.
Picture
Janey Freedman (nee Schneider) and Asna in 1914

Cathy Writes:

As described in my previous article my mother, Asna, was born at 57 Lord Street, Cheetham, Manchester.  She was the youngest of the eight children of Joseph Freedman and Jane (Janey Myers) Schneider. ​
Picture
Birth Certificate for Janey (Haya-Ita) Schneider 10 October 1874

The Jewish community in Cheetham and the Manchester Jewish Museum

Picture
Cheetham Hill Road, once the centre of Manchester's Jewish community. Photo courtesy of National Archives, Moving Here – Migration Histories [1]
At the end of 18th century there was a small Jewish Community in the Cheetham area of Manchester, with its Moorish style architecture the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue forming its ‘centrepiece’. 
The former Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue on Cheetham Hill Road is now Manchester Jewish Museum. It is the only Jewish Museum outside London and is housed in the oldest surviving synagogue building in Manchester, completed in 1874.
 
It is a beautiful example of Victorian architecture, executed in Moorish style. Particularly noteworthy are the splendid stained glass windows and the distinctive cast-iron fitments.
Since the building became redundant through the movement of the Jewish population away from the area, it has been completely restored, returned to its former glory and listed Grade II.
 
With a compelling history to tell, the building needed a new purpose and in 1984 it re-opened as a Museum.[2]
Picture
Plaque outside the Museum commemorating the completion of the building in 1874
A poster in the upper part of the museum shows a view outside the Manchester Jewish Soup Kitchen.  It reads “The Manchester Jewish Soup Kitchen is the only institution of its type in the city.  Situated in one of the densest populated parts of the city, it daily dispenses relief where the direst poverty abounds, and has been so doing for the last 41 years.”
“An idea of the good work that is carried out, can be had from the following statistics of the last session
16,752 meals were served on the premises
5,751 cans of soup were filled for families to take home.
24,556 loaves of bread, and over 8,00 gallons of soup were distributed.”
The soup kitchen opened at the back of a building on Lord Street in Cheetham Hill. These premises were enlarged in 1896 but proved unsatisfactory and so the kitchen moved to more suitable premises in 1901.[3] 

In 2020 builders working on renovations on the Museum building discovered a 150-year-old time capsule dating from 1873, buried within its historic synagogue walls. A glass jar, which remains intact thanks to a wax seal, was found hidden deep within a wall cavity next to the Museum’s Ark, (the chamber which houses the Torah scrolls) in the cornerstone of the original building.[4]  ​This extraordinary and exciting find is filled with money, synagogue papers and newspapers dating back to the 1870s.
Picture
Time Capsule: The time capsule extracted from a wall during renovations at what used to be a synagogue in Manchester, UK. (Photo courtesy of the Jewish Museum, Manchester)

The Schneider and Milner Ancestry

​Researching the Schneider branch of the family has proved to be no easy matter.  Whilst my mother Asna’s Freedman ancestors have been quite well documented – possibly due to there being at least two rabbis – her maternal ancestors are much more difficult to find.
PictureFreedman/Cofnas/Schneider Family Tree by Vivien Aynsley-Smith
Freedman/Cofnas/Schneider Family Tree by Cathy Aynsley-Smith
NB. Riga is now in Latvia;  Originally Latvia and Lithuania were part of the Russian Empire.  After the revolution in 1917 they gained independence.
​Just one of the problems when researching the Jewish family is the way in which the spellings of names are altered. For example Schneider also appears as Schnayder and Schneiderman. These families are of no less interest to me, however, both in themselves and in their lifestyles of yesteryear.
PictureJaney Scheider and Jospeh Freedman wedding 3 July 1895
Janey Scheider and Joseph Freedman wedding 3 July 1895.
Janey Schneider was born in Riga and then I can find no more information until her marriage to Joseph Freedman in 1895 in Manchester. She died on 16th August 1943 at Manchester Jewish Home for the Elderly.
My maternal great grandparents, Joseph Schneider, who was a tailor, and Sarah Leah Milner his wife lived at 29 Katolicheskaya Street in Riga, Latvia.  Sarah was born in 1841 in Russia.  She died on 23 May 1905 at 19 Hewitt Street, Cheetham, Manchester, England.  Her father was Abraham Milner but her mother’s details are not known. ​
​Of their seven children: Hannah, Harris, Masha and Eli also lived at Katolicheskaya Street.   It is probable that Meyer and Janey also lived in Riga at some time but then moved away.  Meyer married Asna Leah Miller in Riga and then a year later emigrated to Manchester before moving to the USA 8 years later.
Masha, sadly, died when only 4 years old whilst her parents were still in Latvia.  Harris Myers (Schnayder) married Goldy Frankle in 1895 in Leeds and they had two daughters: Mary Myers and Florrie Myers.  Florrie married her cousin Simon Gleek who was the son of Nathan Gleek and Hannah Schneider who themselves had 11 other children: Hetty, Lev, Abraham, David, Morris, Harry, Isaac, Meyer, Ada, Eddy and Benjamin.  More recent information indicates that Isadore, son of Eli Gershon Schneider and Anna (Uncle of Asna) lived at 373 South Eden Street, Baltimore, Maryland, MD, USA.
PictureFreedman/Cofnas Pedigree Chart
Freedman/Cofnas Pedigree Chart
Picture
Asna's Grandfather Rabbi Yehuda Leib Freedman c. 1847 . Photo courtesy of https://www.ajrrefugeevoices.org.uk/
Picture
Painting of Rabbi Yehuda Leib Freedman by Vivien Aynsley-Smith
​Asna’s paternal grandfather (Rabbi Yehuda Leib Freedman) and his family were immigrants who fled from the pogroms in Tsarist Russia and settled in Manchester. Asna said that she believed her mother’s family originally came from Germany and later lived in Latvia.  Her mother, Janey Schneider, was born in Riga and came to England in 1892 at the age of 18, together with her mother Sarah Milner, her elder sister Hannah and Hannah’s husband Nachman. 
Picture
Asna's Uncle and Aunt, Kalman and Btya (nee Thal). Photo courtesy of https://www.ajrrefugeevoices.org.uk/
In 2020, whilst researching my Jewish history, I came across the following article about Rabbi Jerachmiel Cofnas, my second cousin once removed, who was a Rabbi and Shochet in England.  He was my mother’s cousin and son of Kalman and Batya who died in the Holocaust. ​
Picture
Asna’s cousin, Rabbi Jerachmiel Cofnas (1912 – 2010). Photo courtesy of https://www.ajrrefugeevoices.org.uk/
​An interview for the Jewish Refugee Voices website:
(www.ajrrefugeevoices.org.uk/RefugeeVoices/Rabbi-Jerachmiel-Cofnas)
held in 2020 describes Jerachmiel's experience of coming from Poland to Britain in the late 1930’s. 
'Having been born in 1912 in Kcynia (Deksnia) in Poland in the Vilna Geburnia area he arrived on a temporary permit for the Birmingham Synagogue and he describes his life and offers a fascinating glimpse into Jewish lifestyle at the turn of the century.

Jerachmiel had 2* brothers and 3 sisters. His father was a Rabbi and Shochet (a) and his grandfather, Rabbi Yehudah Leib Freedman, came to Manchester at the turn of the century. Jerachmiel also had uncles in Manchester. After marriage Jerachmiel’s father and mother came to Manchester, where they lived for 10 years and had 4 children but Jerachmiel’s father found life too irreligious for him and eventually moved back to Poland, where Jerachmiel was subsequently born. Jerachmiel’s mother was from Moldetchna, Russia where her father was a Dayan (b). Jerachmiel has vague memories of the First World War and soldiers passing through their small farming community. Life was very hard and they were often hungry. There were about 35 Jews in that farming community but the ground was not fertile and they barely eked a living. They had a shul (c) and led a religious life. He describes the hardships of living in a primitive environment and the intensity of religious life.

Jerachmiel and his siblings had private teachers and attended cheder and then went to Yeshivah (d) for older boys. They family moved from Deksnia to Aishishok and then to Ostryn. Jerachmiel went to Radin where he learnt in the Chofetz Chaim Yeshivah and described his memories of the Chofetz Chaim as well as of other great Rabbis in other Yeshivahs, such as Rabbi Shimon Shkob (Breinsker). Jerachmiel learnt to be a shochet from his father and he took semicha and learnt to be a mohel. His brother went to Chevron Yeshivah and then Manchester where he was a Rabbi in Birmingham and he arranged for Jerachmiel to come to Birmingham in the late 1930s.He says:

​‘The place I was born was very small, almost like a kibbutz, there were 35 inhabitants and they were all Jewish. The only non-Jewish person was the one who looked after the flock.  Everybody was issued with a plot of land, because there was plenty of land in Poland, not inhabited. All the inhabitants of that place were farmers.  My father acted as the Rabbi there and, he was the shochet [kosher butcher].’
​

He found adjusting to live in England very hard since he was not used to seeing non-religious Jews and he knew no English. His sister-in-law taught him and he attended night school. He helped his brother in the shul and eventually took over from him in the New Synagogue in Birmingham. In 1943 he married Bertha Sternberg from Manchester and they had 3 children. He served as Rabbi, shochet and mohel in Birmingham for 45 years and found he got on well with the shul executives. He always saw the good in people and felt his role as mohel (e) brought him close to the congregants.'
​*   Other sources say he had 3 brothers – Levi, Joshua and David
a.  Shochet:  A person certified by a rabbi or Jewish court of law to slaughter animals for food in the manner prescribed by Jewish law.  Pronounced ‘sho sha’
b.  Dayan: A Judge
c.   Shul: A Synagogue 
d.   Yeshiva:  An orthodox Jewish college or seminary.
e.  Mohel: A circumcision practitioner

History of the Pogroms

Pogrom (or organised massacre or expulsion of a particular ethnic group) first came into frequent use as a term around 1881 after anti-Semitic violence erupted following the assassination of Czar Alexander II.

An article about a Jewish family would not be complete without reference to some of the atrocities perpetrated against them particularly, and just, within living memory. Asna’s friend and correspondent, Phil Casket, wrote at length about his parents being amongst the many families who emigrated from eastern Europe as a result of the pogrom of 1903.
​Kishinev (modern day Chisinau, Moldova) was one of the major towns in Bessarabia, a desperately poor part of Russia, between Moldavia and Ukraine. It had the highest infant mortality and illiteracy rates in the Russian empire, the fewest doctors and the fewest paved roads. Jews dominated nearly all the region’s towns, including Kishinev, which had a population that was well over one-third Jewish at the turn of the century. It was at this time that the pogroms were directed at the Jewish people in Russia and Eastern Europe.
​
The most famous pogrom of all began on Easter Sunday 1903 in Kishinev. Rocks were thrown at Jewish shops and the hostilities soon escalated from there. Businesses were ransacked – not one liquor shop was left unscathed. Two-thirds of Kishinev was affected. Entire streets were levelled with 49 Jews left for dead, more than 500 injured, 1300 houses and businesses looted and destroyed and 2000 families left homeless.  But it was the violence of the attacks on Jewish people that was so staggering. They were hit with tables, killed with pitchforks and poles, smashed with crowbars. Amongst the many atrocities not suitable to mention here, one man had his eyes gouged out and numerous women and girls were sexually attacked. News of the pogrom and the atrocities soon travelled to America and with Kishinev being near the southern border the news also spread quickly into Europe.
 
The Kishinev pogrom, which was followed by the Nazi treatment of the Jews in the 1930s and 1940s, forms a very powerful background to many Jewish family’s history and the emigration of Jews out of Europe.
 
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of the European Jews before and during the Second World War.  Asna’s uncle, Kalman, who was a Rabbi and Shochet born in  Deksznie,Poland, and her cousins David and Sheni Freedman all died in the Shoah. Kalman and Asna’s father Joseph were two of the sons of Rabbi Yehuda Leib Freedman and his wife Miriam Zagar. After Miriam died, he married Minnie about whom little is known other than in a photo probably taken at their wedding which also shows three of his children by his first marriage.
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Hannah            Rabbi Yehuda Freedman  Philip (Pinchas)        Minnie (2nd wife)             Annie
         1881 - 1971                 1849 – 1925                  1879 – 1953               1810 – 1889                1868 – 1945
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Certificates from The Central Database of Shoah Victims’ Names ​https://yvng.yadvashem.org/
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​Any family’s history raises the importance of talking to children and grandchildren about family members and prevailing circumstances in earlier days.  In the case of the holocaust, it is well known and understood that many of the sufferers were, and their relatives still are, reluctant to talk about the difficult times and just want to forget. It is a relatively recent situation where people do discuss such atrocities with a view to teaching the younger generations and ensuring that such things are never allowed to happen again.
Asna’s family think that she certainly knew a lot more than she ever revealed about those horrendous times but not wanting to upset her children would rarely mention or discuss the issues. Apart from knowing that her father was a ‘Rebbe’ and that times were hard for her mother we knew virtually nothing of her childhood, that is, until we persuaded her to write her ‘memoirs’ which I have included in the article in Borders Ancestry for January 2021.
[1] National Archives, Moving Here – Migration Histories
https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.movinghere.org.uk/galleries/histories/jewish/settling/manchester_jewry_9.htm

​
[2] British Jews In The First World War,  Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, 
https://www.jewsfww.uk/spanish-and-portuguese-synagogue-manchester-3162.php
​
Jewish Museum , Manchester, https://www.manchesterjewishmuseum.com/​

[3] Soup and Reform: Improving the Poor and Reforming Immigrants through Soup Kitchens 1870–1910 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10761-017-0403-8 

​
[4] BBC, Jewish time capsule from 1870s found in Manchester synagogue https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-54278284
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Letters from America – The Nicholson Family of Loanend & Maryland

26/2/2021

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​Collections of correspondence not only make fascinating reading but are also fantastic sources of information for many historical disciplines, not least family historians.  It is important, however, that the contents are correctly interpreted and contextualised, as if not, the result is a misaligned pedigree!   The following is taken from the: 
​Old letters found in Loaned House at the death of Mrs White and taken possession of by Mrs Grace Ann Smith her daughter [wife of George Smith of Ancroft] and by her, handed to me Stephen Sanderson October and November 1865 ...’[1]    
​The Nicholson, Smith and other associated families such as the Middletons etc., about some of whom I have previously written, intermarried on several occasions and a goodly chunk of Norham’s churchyard collectively bears witness to their passing.  Many of the early generations of these families are buried in close proximity to one another. 
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Smith and Nicholson Headstones in Norham Churchyard. Smith chest tombs to front and Nicholson the larger stones behind on the mound and to the left.

London, 28th January 1716

​On the 28th January 1716, a young man wrote home to his family on Tweedside from London.  The letter is written in an elegant italic hand which displays evidence of a good education and the content suggests a maturity that is possibly beyond his years.  
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Extract from document NRO1955/A/3 courtesy of Berwick Record Office.
​He was about to embark on a new life in Maryland but had been delayed due to  ‘frost so strong here of the like of it has not been seen these many years, our Ships are all fast yet tho we have had a Thaw these eight days’ as London was held in an icy grip.  He hoped to be underway within the next fourteen days aboard a ship called 'The Colchester' under the command of a Captain Samson.
'​The previous day he had received a letter from his mother which brought news of grave illness in a close family member.  She had also sought his advice about a possible apprenticeship for his brother, John, to a Mr Bordley who was currently in Newcastle.  Whilst his mother is concerned for John’s welfare & hopes Mr Bordley will be kind to John and provide him with ‘all the necessaries’ during his seven years, (for she was unable to), the writer is more concerned his brother may be hindered by forgetting his Latin!  He concedes, however, he would be ‘very glad’ to have his brother near him.
​His ‘Master’ is a Merchant who has loaded ‘scarce any thing youl name but he has bought’ aboard ship in preparation of departure. The writer has with him his own parcel containing ‘a dozen Laced Hatts’ on which he has expended the last of his money, perhaps in the hope of trading them for a profit at his destination.
​He closed his letter:
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Love to my Brother & sisters & all friends, & that God almighty may bless you &
keep you all in good health till I see you again is the earnest prayer of him who
is                                                                                                             your most loving Brother
                                                                                                                till Death
[note ‘Brother’ written in the singular.]​
​The penman’s name was James Nicholson and his letter tells the reader a good deal about himself, his family and their situation in just a few short lines.   

Information contained in the letter

Collections such as these are a real boon for historians as they are packed with references to so many aspects of history that extend beyond the interest in the family to whom the letters relate.  Following this particular archive of correspondence takes the reader on a series of social, economic, political as well as personal journeys through the eighteenth century on both side of the Atlantic, with all manner of associated hardships and joys. 

These topics are not the feature of this month’s blog, however, but the use and analysis of collections such as these and how they can make us better researchers, is a topic planned for a future article for Family Tree Magazine; so keep an eye open for it! Instead, this month’s blog asks just who were the parents of James Nicholson our intrepid traveller in 1716, for he was NOT the son of George Nicholson of Loanend and his wife Mary as widely accepted and documented. [2]  Somehow, somewhere a spot of misalignment has clearly occurred! 

James Nicholson of South River, Maryland d. 1764 – the Evidence  

The ‘established’ pedigree in public circulation records that James Nicholson who emigrated to Maryland in 1716, was the son of George Nicholson (1641 – 26 Jun 1727) of Loanend, Horncliffe, Northumberland and his wife Mary (c.1639 – Nov 1704).  Taking this first letter alone and in isolation strongly suggests this simply cannot be for the following reasons:
  • In 1716 James is corresponding with his mother.  This would have been impossible if his Mother had been Mary as she had died in 1704!
  • He has a brother called John.  George and Mary are not recorded as having had a son named John. 
  • As James is discussing John’s future with his mother, and indeed looking for a potential situation for his sister Margaret too, it would suggest that his father is dead.  George Nicholson of Loaned did not die until 1727!
​When subsequent correspondence is taken into consideration the evidence against the parentage suggested is compounded:
  • James continues to correspond with his mother on several occasions well into the 1730s.
  • John is mentioned again in letters dated 1717 where it appears he is to be apprenticed as a surgeon and £5 has been awarded from the ‘Dean & Chapter’ towards his costs
  • In a letter to his mother dated 1st April 1717, although a date is not given, his father’s earlier death is confirmed to have been the case. 
At first glance it would appear the letters, which constitute crucial primary evidence, were not consulted as part of the research into this particular area of the Nicholson family tree.  Whilst this is  altogether disappointing and of some concern to me, what is most surprising is the fact this glaring error has not been spotted before now, particularly as Philip Aynsley-Smith spent a great deal of time researching the Nicholson family in the late 1980s.  For a basic error such as this to have escaped his meticulous research and recording thereof is most out of character.  Needless to say on further investigation Philip had indeed spotted the problem and taken steps to have it rectified.

How the errors in the Nicholson pedigree occurred

​In an attempt to source the origin of the misalignment a bit of digging in Philip’s records was required.  It appears there was more than one single contributory event that led to it appearing in print.  
  • In the first instance to better understand the various family connections, Philip had transcribed, indexed and footnoted the 32 letters on all things genealogical exchanged between Miss Sarah Nicholson and his father George between 1909 and 1931.  In late 1987 he was contacted by a fellow Nicholson researcher, based in Brisbane, Australia.  In a letter to Philip dated 7th December 1987 the researcher explained how a chance meeting in Hong Kong by an aunt had led to her introduction to the Reverend Nigel Nicholson.  ‘When the Rev. Nigel’s first letter arrived containing a pedigree dating back to the 1600s, [they] were ecstatic.’  She further confirms that:
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  • Clearly Philip wrote immediately to Rev. Nicholson asking for details of his sources as he received a letter in reply on January 18th 1988.  Rev. Nicholson confirmed these sources as follows:
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  • In a further letter dated 2nd February 1988 Rev. Nicholson refers to a reference in paragraph 2 of Philip’s letter to NRO 1955/A with reference to ‘James Nicholson who emigrated to Maryland…’ He continues: 
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(Also in note 5 I see he wrote a letter to his mother on 1st April 1717. I have her death recorded as 6.12.1704 aged 65 in Norham Eleanor Mary. Clearly this wrong – Can you spread any light on this?)
  • From a further note in the letter he sent Philip a copy of his family tree ‘for comment, alteration and addition …’ Philip clearly obliged: 
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( Many thanks indeed for your letter of 15th March – and with all the material comments (in Red ink!) and useful extra information that I hadn’t got. I must say thank you for putting me right regarding page 1 – and the generation of George – I clearly was wrong there – and certainly needed red ink. I have amended my tree accordingly.)
​Sadly, there is no documentation of exactly which George he writes but given previous correspondence I strongly suspect it was regarding James Nicholson’s incorrect parentage.  It appears the amendments may never have been made, as the misalignment of James’ parentage has persisted into the 2003 edition of his book, some six years after Philip’s death.  
​​From this evidence alone it would appear that the researcher in Brisbane has in good faith recreated the pedigree as given to her by the Rev Nigel Nicholson and attached it to another family history published in Australia in 2016.[3]  The Rev Nigel Nicholson in turn derived his information from historian John Crawford Hodgson and was unaware of the errors and amendments that should have been made until they were brought to his attention by Philip.  As Philip was to discover, this was not the first time Hodgson’s Nicholson pedigree had fallen under the scrutiny of a family member, but that evidence does not belong here.
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​​Fortunately, this particular error has had a minimal ‘knock-on effect’.  A letter written by Robert Nicholson of Loanend in 1821 states that George and Mary left four children, three sons; Ralph, Joseph and Robert, and one daughter who is unnamed.  The current pedigree lists 6, but with the removal of James and his sister Margaret who married a Mr Patterson, the numbers and names would tally.  The error, however, still casts doubt over the validity of other areas of the early Nicholson pedigree, which appear to be not unfounded.

The earlier Generation – Errors & Omissions 

The Parentage of William Nicholson gentleman of Berwick upon Tweed died 1690.

​The ‘Master’ of whom James Nicholson, our intrepid traveller writes was a William Nicholson of South River, Maryland, a tobacco grower, Merchant and landowner.  William’s wife died of measles on 9th March 1717 and William, followed shortly after in 1719.  James Nicholson was recorded in his Will as both a servant, friend and as an Executor.  He was bequeathed £5 a young horse and a suit of mourning clothes but nowhere was any form of kinship recorded or inferred.[4]
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I give and bequeath unto my servant James Nicholson Five Pounds Current money and a young horse formerly belonging to Sam[ue]l Burgess and a Suit of mourning about Four pounds or Five pounds prict Item
​William of Maryland was undoubtedly the son of William Nicholson, a wealthy gentleman of Berwick upon on Tweed who died in 1690.  He left a detailed Will dated the 15th April of the same year, which names his surviving children and places executorship thereof in the hands of his son William and a nephew Cuthbert Brady.[5]  The accompanying inventory dated 20 February 1691 totalled £78 3s 8d.
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​The Pedigree has aligned William senior as a son of another George Nicholson of Loanend who died in 1655 and his wife Eleanor.  However, the Will left by this George, written the 22 February 1653/4 is extremely specific with regard to the inheritance of land at Horncliffe in favour of male heirs; he names each of his three sons Robert, George and Ralph, as eldest, second and third son successively and their lawfully begotten male heirs.[6]  Only after the possibility of a male heir has been exhausted was the land to pass to the heirs of his daughter Beele. 
Given the attention to detail here and in other clauses of his Will I find it somewhat strange that if he had had a son named William neither he, nor his heirs, were mentioned at all.

The Missing Generation

Missing from the pedigree entirely are two key individuals who nonetheless left evidence of their passage in the form of a probate Bond & Inventory and a Will & Inventory.  One dates from 1689 and the other 1690, which when William Nicholson of Berwick is added to the equation, makes a total of three Nicholsons with potential connections to Loanend to die within a twelve-month period.  The first absentee is a John Nicholson of Loanend whose Will is dated 5th July 1689 and accompanying Inventory the 29th July of the same year.  
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[Extract from North East Inheritance Database, DPR/I/1690/N3/2.] A True & perfect Inventory of the goods and Chattels which John Nicholson late of Hornecliff (alias) Horcliffloanend in the County pallatine of Durham yeoman, Taken Vallued & Apprized the nine & twentieth day of July Anno D[omi]ni 1689 by us whose names are hereunder Subscribed
​His Will mentions the following 3 children
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​The second individual who is currently absent from  the pedigree is a Robert Nicholson of Loaned who died sometime before his Inventory was prepared on the 14 April.[7]
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[Extract North East Inheritance Database DPR/I/1/1690/N5] Aprill the 14th 1690 A True Inventary of All the Goods And Chattels which belong to Robert Nickolson of horclief lonend Lattly Deceased Taken And Aprised by those whose names Are under written This 14 day of Aprill in the year of our Lord 1690
​Sadly the relating Bond DPR/I/3/1690/B22 is not available online which might have held clues to his relations through whoever was granted administration of his estate.  Is it possible this is Robert the eldest son of George who died in 1655?  
​Whatever the relationship may have been, it is eminently clear that the individuals in both cases farmed, if not owned, the land at Horncliffe Loanend.  As both John and Robert appear after it is stated Loanend was purchased in 1626, they, and their offspring if any, should also feature in the family tree.  The fact they do not would suggest that their relationship to one another as well as to others in the early part of the pedigree has not yet been determined.  In the limited time spent on the collection to date I can shed no light on the matter either beyond expressing an opinion that they were undoubtedly family members who have, for whatever reason, been overlooked or omitted.  

So, who were James Nicholson of Maryland’s Parents?

​As to the parentage of James Nicholson who sailed to Maryland in 1716, although not 100% verified  I can be a little more certain.  A kinship to the Loanend Nicholsons certainly existed at least by marriage, as I strongly believe he was brother to Elizabeth Nicholson, wife of Robert Nicholson of Loanend and one of at least 6 children born to the Rev Alexander Nicholson d.1711 and his wife Alison Home whom he married at Gordon in 1685. 

Top Tip!

​Be cautious in taking relationships too literally; a brother may mean brother-in-law or sometimes even a more distant relative, and a cousin may be far more removed than first.   Customs surrounding forms of address and terms of endearment differed from what we know today, so it is as well to be on your guard to prevent misalignments appearing in a family tree. 
(If you are interested in my transcripts of the Wills mentioned in the above post please contact me for copies.)
​[1] The original letters and other documents in this collection are deposited at Berwick Record Office NRO 1955/A.
​[2]  The Rev Canon Nigel Nicholson & Mrs Rosemary Kitson, ‘Nicholson being a Compilation of Family trees of Nichsolon and Nicolson …’, Gateshead, 2003, Vol II. p.554;   Michael White, ‘19th Century Pioneer:
Frank Villeneuve Nicholson Family in Australia’, Appendix I - George Nicholson of Loanend down to Frank Villeneuve Nicholson (1655 to 1898) Compiled by Kaye Mobsby p.12, Brisbane 2016; Circa 70 Ancestry Online Trees; etc.
​
[3] Michael White, ‘19th Century Pioneer: Frank Villeneuve Nicholson Family in Australia’, Appendix I - George Nicholson of Loanend down to Frank Villeneuve Nicholson (1655 to 1898) Compiled by Kaye Mobsby p.12, Brisbane 2016
[4] England & Wales, Prerogative Court of Canterbury Wills, 1384-1858 for Gulielmi Nicholson, PROB 11: Will Registers, 1713-1722, Piece 572: Shaller, Quire Numbers 1-48 (1720)
[5] North East Inheritance Database DPR/I/1/1691/N4/1-2 & DPR/I/1/1691/N4/3
​
[6] North East Inheritance Database DPRI/1/1664/N3 
​
[7] North East Inheritance Database DPR/I/1/1690/N5/1-2
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The Importance of Memoir – ‘Asna’s Story’ by Cathy Aynsley-Smith

29/1/2021

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Just how well do, or did we know our parents, grandparents, or indeed any of our forebears? This month’s blog demonstrates the importance of memoir and recording first-hand experiences, recollections and reflections for future generations.  It is written by my second cousin once removed Catherine (Cathy) Aynsley-Smith and is an extract taken from Chapter 8 of her family history book which is headed FREEDMAN AND COFNAS ANCESTRY,  “My Mother’s Story”.    
Cathy, her sister Vivie and I share mutual ancestors in John Smith (1813 – 1881) and Hannah Aynsley (1837 – 1922).  They are granddaughters of my great-granduncle George Aynsley-Smith senior (1886 – 1942), (who along with his eldest son Philip, were the compilers of so much of our mutual  paternal line family history), and his wife Jeanne Eugenie Mournetas (1878 – 1947).  Their father was the second child of three sons and one daughter born to the couple, George Aynsley-Smith junior, (Dick), ‘a nickname he had been given when very young by the family cook due to his love of spotted-dick pudding. Or so the story goes.’  Their mother was Asna Freedman, and this is her story …
Picture Asna Freedman 1914 - 2004 pictured in 1934
Asna Freedman pictured in 1934.

Extracts from ‘My Mother’s Story’ 

​My mother, Asna Freedman, was born to Jewish parents Joseph Freedman and Jane (Janey Myers) Schneider at 57 Lord Street, Cheetham, Manchester on 4th May 1914.  (Lord Street was also sometime home of the Jewish Soup Kitchen.) She was the youngest of eight children born to the couple.  Her eldest brother was Abraham (Abe) born in 1896.  He was followed by a sibling in 1901 who died in 1911 and whose name is not known, then Miriam (1897), Golda (1900) who died aged 17 from the world-wide influenza epidemic.  There followed Frank (1903), Sally (1905), David (1909) and lastly Asna (1914).
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​The little I know about her early life and her family comes from the odd snippets of information she told me and from notes that she wrote in later life.  Some of her life experiences are described in the ‘diaries’ that she wrote at my request when she was in her eighties.   Much of that information was new to me as she rarely mentioned her childhood and in fact, the diaries tell far more than I can.  They give an interesting flavour of various parts of her life which I have copied verbatim.

Memories of her young days written by Asna in 2001

Cathie once suggested I write down incidents in my life as they came to mind & this morning, Sept  18th 2001, I am doing just that. I received a notice in the post this morning from the BHA (British Humanist Assn) about a Xmas holiday in Buxton, so memories came flooding back.
​

My mother still only in her forties suffered from Osteo-Arthritis, then known as just Rheumatism, & each year went to Buxton for a month to 'take the treatment' hers being mainly mud applications & drinking the Spa water. The year before the death of my father he looked after me at home, but after his death when I was 8 years old my mother took me with her for possibly 2 years running until she could no longer afford the treatment though we stayed in a simple little flat.

After arrise (sic) & settling in we would go shopping, my mother buying a selection of young vegs then coming into season & would make a soup containing new carrots, peas, beans pots etc cooked slowly in milk; [we buy bread?] she always bought me a treat – a large bun of choux pastry bun (as my pudding) filled with fresh cream from a wonderful bakery.

Our next journey was down to the Pump where she would produce her little silver 'collapsible' cup to drink the so called healing waters. I waited in a queue of children all anxious to man the pump & each of us would be allowed to 'serve' a few people.
PictureAsna Freeman's stainless steel collapsible mug used to take the 'Buxton Waters'.
Asna Freedman's stainless steel collapsible mug used to take the 'Buxton Waters'.
Picture Asna Freedman's stainless steel collapsible mug used to take the 'Buxton Waters' extended.
Asna Freedman's stainless steel collapsible mug used to take the 'Buxton Waters' extended.
Although pumping was quite difficult for small children nevertheless we wouldn't forego this pleasure which I looked forward to daily.
​

During the months stay we would go to the Buxton Opera House to see a musical two I remember, No No Nanette, Maid of the Mountains. Perhaps we also saw some plays which I don't remember as my mother loved the theatre & Cinema. At home we saw a film every Sat. evening possibly in the winter when the Sabbath ended in time for the film. The stars were Rudolf Valentino, Paula Negrie [Pola Negri] , Gloria Swanson & of course silent until the first 'talkie' with Al Johnson. I loved all this so I suppose my liking for the Arts started then. At about the age of 12 my brother David bought a Record Player – a free standing console model, where the records were kept in the cupbd of lower part, & then I heard my first opera arias on 78s. The Rigoletto Quartet + excerpts from Cav & Pag. etc. David also took me to hear the Henry Wood Concerts & once to a Jazz Concert with a famous American Saxophone player. He also took me to several plays – B. Shaw's mostly, by the M/c Rep. Co. which produced many actors later to become well-known in the London theatres. So, despite my lack of formal higher education through straightened circumstances I had a rich cultural childhood (including books) not always available to children in poor to moderate circumstances & I think this in part is due to Jewish people wanting to enrich their lives, by self-education not unlike the Welsh & Irish.

Asna’s notes continue:
Recollections 26.10.93

… My childhood wasn’t easy but I was ‘lucky’ in having access to good books & being influenced by three of my older siblings who were broadminded & more radical. Another influence in my early teens, when joining a friend to help in her father’s shop (lock-up shop with no living accommodation) in a poor Salford district was the sight of real poverty. Children with no shoes (Phil Casket whose family were poor remembers this & himself wore none in early years) & torn clothes. The mothers would pay 1/-d or up to 2/-d (todays 6p & 10p) every week & buy some essential piece of clothing & be forever in debt. Streets were dirty & houses unkempt & men and some women drank heavily using money (? 1d pint for beer at that time) they could ill afford & which should have been spent on food. But who could blame them, as now, there was no way out of the poverty trap – (the recession of the 1920s & the 1926 General Strike). My friend’s father had made good profits from selling surplus army clothing after the 1914-18 War & bought himself a nice house - small but comfortable in a pleasant M/c district. He didn’t make the huge profits that many did during the war years & worked hard. However, these differences affected my way of reasoning & I came to the conclusion that the ‘System’; had to be changed & thus became a Socialist.

​Sally was my biggest influence & I suppose being without a father from the age of 8 I ‘looked up’ to the older members of my family. My Mother’s religious beliefs didn’t influence me at all & although my father was religious & a keen Zionist, he was politically a Socialist believing in the formation of the Kibbutz in Israel. (What was then Palestine). He took no part in British politics as his endeavours were solely propelled to the causes of Zionism & not long before his illness & death was making plans for our emigration to Palestine. He went to Berlin to have an operation for removal of cataracts in both eyes, the surgery being more reliable there in those days.  But even so he needed long convalescence which unfortunately he did not take and following his return home contracted meningitis and died a week later.
Picture Asna Freedman's greatest influence, her sister Sally photographed circa 1926e
Asna's greatest influence, her sister Sally photographed circa 1926
​Asna often talked about days spent rambling in the Derbyshire countryside with other friends. Rambling clubs provided not just recreation but an escape from the city and poverty around them but also an environment where they could discuss social and political issues whilst enjoying the freedom of the moors.
​In her teens she had the intellectual stimulation of literature, politics, religion and social injustice.  The latter created a desire for a solution which eventually brought her and many others to communism.  Having lost her father at a very young age maybe weakened the pressure to conform which was accepted by other Jewish youngsters who were unwilling to marry out or to smoke in the street on Shabbos [the Sabbath]. Those who became communist often described themselves as ‘rebels.’
​I remember my teenage years at home in St Albans, when we would have many political discussions and Asna would often mention like-minded friends (Beck Caskett and Pearl Binder) and relatives (Sally and Frank) who influenced her political thinking even though she was a lot younger.  I cannot remember my mother ever talking about anti-Semitic attitudes whilst she was at school and in fact she her sister Sally, and many others moved to London looking for other social ‘beliefs’, considering them being more relevant than religion.  The explanation as to why so many Jews were attracted to communism in the 1930s was that the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) was opposed to fascism and in communism they found a form of self-defence against the fascists.

Asna continues ...

… In those days in England children could leave school at 14 and even though I was told by my Headmistress I had a “promising future” and was offered a place at Manchester Grammar School if I stayed on, I decided to leave. The Depression and General Strike of 1926 made things very difficult for my mother and so I took employment in an office and went to evening classes to continue my education and also did a good deal of reading becoming both a socialist and atheist in the process.
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Asna Freedman with husband George Aynsley-Smith (Dick)
But I remember her telling me on many an occasion how this curtailment of her formal education disappointed her and affected her future life.  In the 1920s her sister Sally went to work in London and some years later at the age of nineteen Asna left Manchester to follow her.  Due to the poverty she saw in her childhood she developed an interest in politics and through attending political meetings and demonstrations she met my father Dick (George Aynsley-Smith junior).  When in her eighties she would often talk about their life together and describe how they ‘had 44 happy years together’ and explain how he came from a Quaker family but that as ‘he too felt the same about religion and politics as I did so that there was no disharmony on these issues, nor on any others that matters, such as the emancipation of women, equality in the home and workplace etc.. I felt very bereft when he died over 16 years ago and still do.’
​Sadly, her marriage to Dick, who was not Jewish, displeased her elder brother Abe - who was acting in loco parentis at the time - and hence caused her separation from most family members.  Asna used to talk quite often about how upset she was that Abe objected to her marrying my father and rent his clothes when she said she was marrying out.  There was a common belief that Jewish parents treated ‘marrying out’ like death and would sit in mourning for the child. 

Recollections 20.11.93

All sorts of thoughts pass through my mind in the morning and today, for some unknown reason, my mind went back to my brother, Abe.

Strange. I cannot recollect anything about him before he married in 1921. He was in the Army in the ‘Great War’ (1914-1918) & I seem to remember him in ‘Kahki’ (sic) uniform on his return but no other memories of him at home until I used to visit him & his wife, Emma, at their home & even then only after the birth of their first daughter, Eileen, when I was 8 years old. I remember that Emma made my first gym slip when I started secondary school & seemed bad-tempered at the fittings & ‘ticking me off’ for various reasons.
Picture Abe Freedman's marriage to Emma Simon in June 1921.  Wonderful example of 1920s wedding photo and fashion - brides headdress, very large bouquets, serious faces and lack of hats for women.
Abe Freedman's marriage to Emma Simon in June 1921. (Asna bridesmaid front left) Wonderful example of 1920s wedding photo and fashion - brides headdress, very large bouquets, serious faces and lack of hats for women.
However, I digress, as I was actually thinking of Abe in a much later period in connection with myself. I went up to M/c to tell him of my intended marriage which he opposed on grounds of religion (as I knew my mother would too) but said if I intended to go ahead – which I did – advised me not to disclose this to my mother & I followed his advice – perhaps I should say his wishes – which I’ve always regretted. I’m sure she would eventually have become reconciled (she had met Dick in London & when I tentatively brought up the question of our marrying, put the same religious objection though she thought ‘he was very nice’ & I am certain that knowing & seeing Cathie, my first baby, would have given her some pleasure in the last few months; she died in Aug ’43 without knowing I was married or of Cathie’s existence. Something I cannot remember without pain. What surprised me was being warmly received by both Abe & Emma when I called some months later with Cathie whilst staying in M/c with Sylvia & Maurice for a few weeks during the heavy bombing. After that first ‘reconciliation’ we remained on amicable terms, but didn’t meet again only communicating by letter & a phone call – before mother’s death.
Picture Asna's father Joseph Freedman.
Asna's father Joseph Freedman
Picture Asna's Mother Janie Freedman nee Schneider
Asna's mother Janey Schneider
​As a child in a Jewish family Asna was well aware of the hardships endured and the religious practices that were so important in her upbringing.  In her diaries in 2001 she wrote:
The diaspora of Jewish people to Europe was to escape from the persecution that beset them continually in Russia and Eastern Europe.  But they had a hard time in the countries where they settled with only low paid, mostly manual work, open to them. There were certain periods over the centuries where they did enjoy freedom to pursue their cultural and professional careers as in Spain and Germany and for a short time in England but these periods always passed with further oppression and discrimination and so they fled to whichever country would take them. In the time of the Spanish Inquisition many Jews converted to Christianity otherwise it meant death, unless they could escape and some came to England.

I remember them in Manchester when I was a child as their religious practices were slightly modified allowing them to use transport on Saturday (the Jewish Sabbath) and as many were quite affluent having brought their wealth with them from Spain, we saw them arrive to their special Synagogues in their cars – quite a phenomenon in those days of the early 20s. The Synagogues were called ‘Reform Synagogues’. I remember when a young child going to our own Synagogue and sitting in the Balcony where all the women sat – we had a good view of all the happenings below. At a certain part of the Service the Scrolls – “Torahs” were brought out of their little Ark and carried round, their coverings were of white satin, which I thought was lovely!


I was told by Sally that my parents experienced hard times but always ‘pulled through’. I don’t know a great deal about my parents’ early married life but Jewish immigrants had a hard time and in those days it was difficult for them to work in the professions or follow a career, the only work being available was manual (in the tailoring trade mostly) or in business.

I believe at one time my father ventured into the coal business, having one employee to deliver, but he was no businessman and was a soft touch when families were badly off with no heating in winter and did not insist on payment. This venture didn’t last long! As my father’s attempt in business wasn’t very successful and having been a teacher in the Jewish Community in Russia, he started a small school.  By the time I was born he had been teaching Hebrew in a room in the Synagogue which I visited with messages or whatever for my father.  Whilst waiting till there was a break I’d sit and watch and listen but not understand apart from a few everyday words. Girls were not included in this education as primarily it was to prepare the boys for their Bar Mitzva at the age of 13. My father was called a Rebbe i.e. teacher & my Grandfather was a Rabbi – the Religious Head (Minister) of the local Jewish community.

The boys came after their English school-day finished and for a full day on a Sunday. My Father also officiated in the local Synagogue and helped my Grandfather in his duties as a Rabbi both were held in high regard by the local Jewish community in our area – Jewish people seemed to have lived in various areas of Manchester by the time I came on the scene.
Picture
Freedman family with Miriam and Abe to the rear, Asna in the centre foreground flanked by her parents Joseph and Janey
In 1998 Asna wrote a little about her parents and their social and religious beliefs. Her paternal grandfather (Rabbi Yehuda Leib Freedman) and his family were immigrants from the pogroms in Tsarist Russia and settled in Manchester.   Asna believed her mother’s family originally came from Germany and later lived in Latvia.  Her mother, Janey Schneider, was born in Riga and came to England in 1892 at the age of 18 together with her mother Sarah Milner and other family members.  With Holocaust Memorial Day having just passed on 27th January, the family’s story and how the Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, touched Asna’s family too, together with Cathy’s discoveries regarding the wider family and its legacy will be continued in part II. 
Picture
Asna Freedman's two daughters Cathy and Vivie Aynsley-Smith photographed in 2013
​In the meantime I hope you have enjoyed this brief glimpse into Asna’s memories of her younger self and touching recollections of the relationships with her family particularly her own mother.  Without the diaries her feelings, emotions, joys and regrets, which say so much about her as a person would have been lost.  I know many of you have taken the opportunity presented by ‘lockdowns’ to commit your own memories to paper, but if you are yet to do so I would urge you all to get writing!  ​
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Picture Susie Douglas Qualified Genealogist Family Historian and Writer https://www.qualifiedgenealogists.org/profiles/douglas-susie
​Member of the Register of Qualified Genealogists (RQG)​
Associate Member of Association of Genealogists and Researchers in Archives (AGRA)
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